National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) - 2,223 Matching Results

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An Investigation Utilizing an Electrical Analogue of Cyclic Deicing of Hollow Steel Propellers with Internal Electric Heaters
"A study has been made of the heating requirements for the cyclic de-icing of hollow steel propellers fitted with two types of internal electric heaters. Solutions to the transient-heat-flow equations depicting the cyclic de-icing of propellers were obtained by use of an electrical analogy. The study showed the impracticability of using an internal tubular heater and illustrated the advantages of employing an internal shoe-type heater, which distributes the heat more evenly to the blade surface" (p. 1).
The Effect of Ice Formations on Propeller Performance
"Measurements of propeller efficiency loss due to ice formation are supplemented by an analysis to establish the magnitude of efficiency losses to be anticipated during flight in icing conditions. The measurements were made during flight in natural icing conditions; whereas the analysis consisted of an investigation of changes in blade-section aerodynamic characteristics caused by ice formation and the resulting propeller efficiency changes. Agreement in the order of magnitude of efficiency losses to be expected is obtained between measured and analytical results" (p. 1).
X-Ray Diffraction Study of the Internal Structure of Supercooled Water
From Summary: "A Bragg X-ray spectrometer equipped with a volume-sensitive Geiger counter and Soller slits and employing filtered molybdenum Ka radiation was used to obtain a set of diffracted intensity curves as a Punction of angle for supercooled water. Diffracted intensity curves in the temperature region of 21 to -16 C were obtained. The minimum between the two main diffraction peaks deepened continuously with lowering temperature, indicating a gradual change in the internal structure of the water. No discontinuity in this trend was noted at the melting point. The internal structure of supercooled water was concluded to become progressively more ice-like as the temperature is lowered."
Experimental Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Low-Density Ice
"The thermal conductivity of low-density ice has been computed from data obtained in an experimental investigation of the heat transfer and mass transfer by sublimation for an iced surface on a flat plate in a high-velocity tangential air stream. The results are compared with data from several sources on the thermal conductivity of packed snow and solid glaze ice. The results show good agreement with the equations for the thermal conductivity of packed snow as a function of snow density. The agreement of the curves for packed snow near the solid ice regime with the values of thermal conductivity, of ice indicates that the curves are applicable over the entire-ice-density range" (p. 1).
Aerodynamic Effects Caused by Icing of an Unswept NACA 65A004 Airfoil
From Summary: "The effects of ice formations on the section lift, drag, and pitching-moment coefficients of an unswept NACA 65A004 airfoil section of 6-foot chord were studied.. The magnitude of the aerodynamic penalties was primarily a function of the shape and size of the ice formation near the leading edge of the airfoil. The exact size and shape of the ice formations were determined photographically and found to be complex functions of the operating and icing conditions."
Icing Limit and Wet-Surface Temperature Variation for Two Airfoil Shapes Under Simulated High-Speed Flight Conditions
Note presenting an experimental study of the wet-surface temperature and stream conditions that result in ice-free surfaces for bodies in flight through icing clouds, and the results obtained are compared with values calculated using an analytical method. Two symmetrical airfoil models, one of diamond shape and the other of double-circular-arc contour, were used in the investigation. Results regarding the chordwise variation of pressure distribution, chordwise variation of recovery factor, the diamond airfoil, and circular-arc airfoil are provided.
A Flight Evaluation and Analysis of the Effect of Icing Conditions on the ZPG-2 Airship
"A series of test flights was conducted by the U. S. Navy over a 3- year period to evaluate the effects of icing on the operation of the ZPG-2 airship. In supercooled. clouds, ice formed only on the forward edges of small protuberances and wires and presented no serious hazard to operation. Ice accretions of the glaze type which occurred in conditions described as freezing drizzle adversely affected various components to a somewhat greater extent" (p. 1).
A Procedure for the Design of Air-Heated Ice-Prevention Systems
A procedure proposed for use in the design of air-heated systems for the continuous prevention of ice formation on airplane components is set forth. Required heat-transfer and air-pressure-loss equations are presented, and methods of selecting appropriate meteorological conditions for flight over specified geographical areas and for the calculation of water-drop-impingement characteristics are suggested. In order to facilitate the design, a simple electrical analogue was devised which solves the complex heat-transfer relationships existing in the thermal-system analysis.
Icing Protection for a Turbojet Transport Airplane: Heating Requirements, Methods of Protection, and Performance Penalties
"The problems associated with providing icing protection for the critical components of a typical turbojet transport airplane operating over a range of probable icing conditions are analyzed and discussed. Heating requirements for several thermal methods of protection are evaluated and the airplane performance penalties associated with providing this protection from various energy sources are assessed. The continuous heating requirements for icing protection and the associated airplane performance penalties for the turbojet transport are considerably increased over those associated with lower-speed aircraft" (p. 1).
Improvements in Heat Transfer for Anti-Icing of Gas-Heated Airfoils with Internal Fins and Partitions
"The effect of modifying the gas passage of hollow metal airfoils by the addition of internal fins and partitions was experimentally investigated and comparisons were made among a basic unfinned airfoil section and two airfoil designs having metal fins attached at the leading edge of the internal gas passage. An analysis considering the effects of heat conduction in the airfoil metal was made to determine the internal modification effectiveness that may be obtained in gas-heated components, such as turbojet-inlet guide vanes, support struts, hollow propeller blades, and thin wings" (p. 1).
An Investigation Utilizing an Electrical Analogue of Cyclic Deicing of a Hollow Steel Propeller with an External Blade Shoe
"A study has been made of the heat requirement for the cyclic de-icing of hollow steel propellers fitted with external blade heating shoes. Solutions to the equations for the heat flow in cyclic heating of propellers were obtained, using an electrical analogy. The study showed how the energy requirement for propeller de-icing with existing blade shoes could be decreased, and illustrated the effect of blade-shoe design on the energy requirement. It was demonstrated, for example, that by increasing the heating intensity and decreasing the heating period from those currently used the energy requirement could be decreased in the order of 60 percent" (p. 1).
On the Permeability of Porous Materials
Note presenting an investigation of the effects on porous-material permeability characteristics of the absolute pressure level, choking of the flow, bending the material, and other factors. Experiments showed permeability characteristics to be appreciably affected by absolute pressure level, flow choking, and thickness of the material. Results regarding testing with wire cloth and sintered metal are provided.
Perforated Sheets as a Porous Material for Distributed Suction and Injection
Note presenting measurements made of the resistance to air flow of a series of perforated metal sheets with open areas ranging from less than 1 percent up to 41 percent. The results showed that the permeability of a perforated sheet is governed principally by its open-area ratio. The number of holes per square inch, the sheet thickness, and the shape of the individual holes had little or no effect on permeability.
Experimental Study of the Effects of Finite Surface Disturbances and Angle of Attack on the Laminar Boundary Layer of an NACA 64A010 Airfoil With Area Suction
Note presenting a low-turbulence wind-tunnel investigation of an NACA 64A010 airfoil section with continuous suction through its porous surfaces to determine its ability to maintain extensive laminar flow behind finite surface disturbances and at angles of attack other than 0 degrees. Generally, application of area suction permitted only a small increase in the size of a finite disturbance required to cause premature boundary-layer transition as compared with the nonsuction airfoil.
Effects of Extreme Surface Cooling on Boundary-Layer Transition
Note presenting an investigation to determine the combined effects of surface cooling, pressure gradients, nose blunting, and surface finish on boundary-layer transition. Data were obtained for various body shapes at a Mach number of 3.12 and Reynolds numbers per foot as high as 15 x 10(exp 6). Results regarding the effect of extreme cooling, effect of pressure gradient, effect of blunting, effect of surface roughness, and roughness as cause of transition reversal are provided.
Simplified Method for Determination of Critical Height of Distributed Roughness Particles for Boundary-Layer Transition at Mach Numbers From 0 to 5
Note presenting a simplified method for determination of the critical height of three-dimensional roughness particles required to promote premature transition of a laminar boundary layer on models of airplanes or airplane components in a wind tunnel with zero heat transfer. The method has been applied to various types of configurations in several wind-tunnel investigations.
Effect of Type of Porous Surface and Suction Velocity Distribution on the Characteristics of a 10.5 Percent-Thick Airfoil With Area Suction
Note presenting an investigation at low speed of the two-dimensional characteristics of a 10.51-percent-thick symmetric airfoil with area suction for boundary-layer control near the leading edge. The lift and suction-flow characteristics were determined with different porous surfaces consisting of perforated plates and sintered steel for various suction velocity distributions obtained by varying the permeability arrangement.
The Resistance to Air Flow of Porous Materials Suitable for Boundary-Layer-Control Applications Using Area Suction
"Measurements were made of the resistance to air flow of commercially available porous materials. Three general types of porous media were tested - granular (sintered materials), fibrous (felt cloths and filter papers), and perforated. The flow-resistance characteristics of the porous materials tested are presented in a form intended to assist in the selection of materials for applications to boundary-layer control using area suction" (p. 1).
A flight investigation of the practical problems associated with porous-leading-edge suction
From Summary: "A flight investigation has been made of the practical problems associated with the use of porous-leading-edge suction. The wing leading edge of the test airplane was porous over approximately 83 percent of the span and the first 8 percent of the chord on the upper surface. Various other extents of suction area within these limits were also tested."
A Fibrous-Glass Compact as a Permeable Material for Boundary-Layer-Control Applications Using Area Suction
"Measurements were made of the resistance of fibrous-glass compacts to normal air flow. The flow resistance was related to the thickness and density. As a porous material for boundary-layer-control applications using area suction, the fibrous-glass compact could be made to any desired thickness and permeability and sandwiched between perforated rigid surfaces" (p. 1).
A theoretical study of the effect of forward speed on the free-space sound-pressure field around propellers
Report presenting an analysis of the sound-pressure field of a rotating propeller in forward flight in free space by replacing the normal-pressure distribution over the propeller associated with thrust and torque by a distribution of acoustic pressure doublets acting at the propeller disk. The result is presented for a moving and a fixed observer.
Analytical Investigation of Icing Limit for Diamond-Shaped Airfoil in Transonic and Supersonic Flow
Calculations have been made for the icing limit of a diamond airfoil at zero angle of attack in terms of the stream Mach number, stream temperature, and pressure altitude. The icing limit is defined as a wetted-surface temperature of 320 F and is related to the stream conditions by the method of Hardy. The results show that the point most likely to ice on the airfoil lies immediately behind the shoulder and is subject to possible icing at Mach numbers as high as 1.4.
Effect of Ice and Frost Formations on Drag of NACA 65(sub 1) -212 Airfoil for Various Modes of Thermal Ice Protection
"The effects of primary and runback icing and frost formations on the drag of an 8-foot-chord NACA 651-212 airfoil section were investigated over a range of angles of attack from 20 to 80 and airspeeds up to 260 miles per hour for icing conditions with liquid-water contents ranging from 0.25 to 1.4 grams per cubic meter and datum air temperatures of -30 to 30 F. The results showed that glaze-ice formations, either primary or runback, on the upper surface near the leading edge of the airfoil caused large and rapid increases in drag, especially at datum air temperatures approaching 32 F and in the presence of high rates of water catch" (p. 1).
Correlations Among Ice Measurements, Impingement Rates Icing Conditions, and Drag Coefficients for Unswept NACA 65A004 Airfoil
"An empirical relation has been obtained by which the change in drag coefficient caused by ice formations on an unswept NACA 65A004 airfoil section can be determined from the following icing and operating conditions: icing time, airspeed, air total temperature, liquid-water content, cloud droplet impingement efficiencies, airfoil chord length, and angles of attack. The correlation was obtained by use of measured ice heights and ice angles. These measurements were obtained from a variety of ice formations, which were carefully photographed, cross-sectioned, and weighed" (p. 1).
Experimental Droplet Impingement on Four Bodies of Revolution
An experiment was conducted to obtain the rate and area of cloud droplet impingement on four bodies of revolution was conducted in the icing tunnel with a dye-tracer technique. The study included several forebody shapes of different fineness ratios over a range of angles of attack and rotational speeds. Results regarding velocity distribution, local impingement characteristics, and correlation of impingement characteristics are provided.
Impingement of Cloud Droplets on 36.5-Percent-Thick Joukowski Airfoil at Zero Angle of Attack and Discussion of Use as Cloud Measuring Instrument in Dye-Tracer Technique
"The trajectories of droplets in the air flowing past a 36.5-percent-thick Joukowski airfoil at zero angle of attack were determined. The amount of water in droplet form impinging on the airfoil, the area of droplet impingement, and the rate of droplet impingement per unit area on the airfoil surface were calculated from the trajectories and cover a large range of flight and atmospheric conditions. With the detailed impingement information available, the 36.5-percent-thick Joukowski airfoil can serve the dual purpose of use as the principal element in instruments for making measurements in clouds and of a basic shape for estimating impingement on a thick streamlined body" (p. 1).
Investigation of heat transfer from a stationary and rotating ellipsoidal forebody of fineness ratio 3
From Summary: "The convective heat transfer from the surface of an ellipsoidal forebody of fineness ratio 3 and 20-inch maximum diameter was investigated in clear air for both stationary and rotating operation over a range of conditions including air speeds up to 240 knots, rotational speeds up to 1200 rpm, and angles of attack of 0 deg, 3 deg, and 6 deg. The results are presented in the form of heat-transfer coefficients and the correlation of Nusselt and Reynolds numbers. Both a uniform surface temperature and a uniform input heater density distribution were used."
Investigation of Heat Transfer from a Stationary and Rotating Conical Forebody
From Summary: "The convective heat transfer from the surface of a conical forebody having a hemispherical nose, an included angle of approximately 30 deg, and. a maximum diameter of 18.9 inches was investigated in a wind tunnel for both stationary and. rotating operation. The range of test conditions included free-stream velocities up to 400 feet per second, rotational speeds up to 1200 rpm, and. angles of attack of 0 deg and 6 deg. Both a uniform surface temperature and a uniform heater input power density were used."
An Empirical Method Permitting Rapid Determination of the Area, Rate and Distribution of Water-Drop Impingement on an Airfoil of Arbitrary Section at Subsonic Speeds
"An empirical method for the determination of the area, rate, and distribution of water-drop impingement on airfoils of arbitrary section is presented. The procedure represents an initial step toward the development of a method which is generally applicable in the design of thermal ice-prevention equipment for airplane wing and tail surfaces. Results given by the proposed empirical method are expected to be sufficiently accurate for the purpose of heated-wing design, and can be obtained from a few numerical computations once the velocity distribution over the airfoil has been determined" (p. 1).
Impingement of droplets in 90 degree elbows with potential flow
Trajectories were determined for droplets in air flowing through 90 deg elbows especially designed for two-dimensional potential motion with low pressure losses. The elbows were established by selecting as walls of each elbow two streamlines of the flow field produced by a complex potential function that establishes a two-dimensional flow around a 90 deg bend. An unlimited number of elbows with slightly different shapes can be established by selecting different pairs of streamlines as walls. The elbows produced by the complex potential function selected are suitable for use in aircraft air-intake ducts.
Impingement of Water Droplets on NACA 65A004 Airfoil and Effect of Change in Airfoil Thickness from 12 to 4 Percent at 4 deg Angle of Attack
From Summary: "The trajectories of droplets in the air flowing past an NACA 65A004 airfoil at an angle of attack of 4 deg were determined. The amount of water in droplet form impinging on the airfoil, the area of droplet impingement, and the rate of droplet impingement per unit area on the airfoil surface were calculated from the trajectories and presented to cover a large range of flight and atmospheric conditions. The effect of a change in airfoil thickness from 12 to 4 percent at 4 deg angle of attack is presented by comparing the impingement calculations for the NACA 65A004 airfoil with those for the NACA 65(sub 1)-208 and 65(sub 1)-212 airfoils."
Impingement of Water Droplets on NACA 65(1)-208 and 65(1)-212 Airfoils at 4 Degrees Angle of Attack
"The trajectories of droplets in the air flowing past NACA 65(1)-208 airfoil and an NACA 65(1)-212 airfoil, both at an angle of attack of 4 degrees, were determined. The amount of water in droplet form impinging on the airfoils, the area of droplet impingement, and the rate of droplet impingement per unit area on the airfoil surface affected were calculated from the trajectories and are presented. The amount, extent, and rate of impingement of the NACA 65(1)-208 airfoil are compared with the results for the NACA 65(1)1-212 airfoil" (p. 1).
Impingement of Water Droplets on a Cylinder in an Incompressible Flow Field and Evaluation of Rotating Multicylinder Method for Measurement of Droplet-Size Distribution, Volume-Median Droplet-Size, and Liquid-Water Content in Clouds
Note presenting an evaluation of the rotating method for the measurement of droplet-size distribution, volume-median droplet size, and liquid-water content in clouds, which showed that small uncertainties in basic data eliminate the distinction between cloud droplet-size distributions and are a source of large errors in the determination of the droplet size. Matching curves for obtaining droplet-size distribution, volume-median droplet size, and liquid-water content from flight data were computed from the results of the droplet-trajectory calculations.
Impingement of Cloud Droplets on Aerodynamic Bodies as Affected by Compressibility of Air Flow Around the Body
Note presenting the computation of the trajectories of water droplets in a compressible-air flow field around a cylinder using a mechanical analog. The results of the calculations at approximately the flight critical Mach number were compared with calculations of trajectories in an incompressible flow field. Results regarding the extension of cylinder results to airfoils are provided.
A Method for Determining Cloud-Droplet Impingement on Swept Wings
From Summary: "The general effect of wing sweep on cloud-droplet trajectories about swept wings of high aspect ratio moving at subsonic speeds is discussed. A method of computing droplet trajectories about yawed cylinders and swept wings is presented, and illustrative droplet trajectories are computed. A method of extending two-dimensional calculations of droplet impingement on nonswept wings to swept wings is presented."
Impingement of Water Droplets on an Ellipsoid with Fineness Ratio 5 in Axisymmetric Flow
"The presence of radomes and instruments that are sensitive to water films or ice formations in the nose section of all-weather aircraft and missiles necessitates a knowledge of the droplet impingement characteristics of bodies of revolution. Because it is possible to approximate many of these bodies with an ellipsoid of revolution, droplet trajectories about an ellipsoid of revolution with a fineness ratio of 5 were computed for incompressible axisymmetric air flow. From the computed droplet trajectories, the following impingement characteristics of the ellipsoid surface were obtained and are presented in terms of dimensionless parameters: (1) total rate of water impingement, (2) extent of droplet impingement zone, (3) distribution of impinging water, and (4) local rate of water impingement" (p. 1).
Variation of Local Liquid-Water Concentration About and Ellipsoid of Fineness Ratio 5 Moving in a Droplet Field
From Summary: "Trajectories of water droplets about an ellipsoid of revolution with a fineness ratio of 5 (which often approximates the shape of an aircraft fuselage or missile) were computed with the aid of a differential analyzer. Analyses of these trajectories indicate that the local concentration of liquid water at various points about an ellipsoid in flight through a droplet field varies considerably and under some conditions may be several times the free-stream concentration."
Analogy Between Mass and Heat Transfer with Turbulent Flow
From Introduction: "The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the mass- and heat-transfer process in terms of a simplified physical picture of the turbulent boundary layer subject to the assumptions previously described."
Experimental Investigation of Sublimation of Ice at Subsonic and Supersonic Speeds and Its Relation to Heat Transfer
"An experimental investigation was conducted in a 3.84- by 10-inch tunnel to determine the mass transfer by sublimation, heat transfer, and skin friction for an iced surface on a flat plate for Mach numbers of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 and pressure altitudes to 30,000 feet. Measurements of rates of sublimation were also made for a Mach number of 1.3 at a pressure altitude of 30,000 feet. The results show that the parameters of sublimation and heat transfer were 40 to 50 percent greater for an iced surface than was the bare-plate heat-transfer parameter" (p. 1).
The Calculated and Measured Performance Characteristics of a Heated-Wire Liquid-Water-Content Meter for Measuring Icing Severity
"Ground tests have been made of an instrument which, when assembled in a more compact form for flight installation, could be used to obtain statistical flight data on the liquid-water content of icing clouds and to provide an indication of icing severity. The sensing element of the instrument consists of an electrically heated wire which is mounted in the air stream. The degree of cooling of the wire resulting from evaporation of the impinging water droplets is a measure of the liquid-water content of the cloud" (p. 1).
An Instrument Employing a Coronal Discharge for the Determination of Droplet-Size Distribution in Clouds
From Summary: "A flight instrument that uses electric means for measuring the droplet-size distribution in above-freezing clouds has been devised and given preliminary evaluation in flight. An electric charge is placed on the droplets and they are separated aerodynamically according to their mass. Because the charge placed on the droplets is a. function of the droplet size, the size spectrum can 'be determined by measurement of the charge deposited on cylinders of several different sizes placed to intercept the charged droplets. An expression for the rate of charge acquisition by a water droplet in a field of coronal discharge is derived."
Comparison of Three Multicylinder Icing Meters and Critique of Multicylinder Method
"Three multicylinder cloud meters, fundamentally similar but differing in important details, were compared in use at the Mount Washington Observatory. Determinations of liquid water content were found to agree within the limits of the probable error, but the two instruments designed by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics indicated larger drop sizes than did the Observatory's instrument, apparently because of spurious ice catch on the rather rough surface of the larger cylinders. Comparisons of drop-size distribution were largely indeterminate" (p. 1).
An Oil-Stream Photomicrographic Aeroscope for Obtaining Cloud Liquid-Water Content and Droplet Size Distributions in Flight
"An airborne cloud aeroscope by which droplet size, size distribution, and liquid-water content of clouds can be determined has been developed and tested in flight and in wind tunnels with water sprays. In this aeroscope the cloud droplets are continuously captured in a stream of oil, which Is then photographed by a photomicrographic camera. The droplet size and size distribution can be determined directly from the photographs" (p. 1).
A Probability Analysis of the Meteorological Factors Conducive to Aircraft Icing in the United States
Note presenting meteorological icing data obtianed in flight in the United States that is analyzed statistically and used to develop methods for the determination of the various simultaneous combinations of the three basic icing parameters and the probability of exceeding any specified group of values of liquid-water content associated simultaneously with temperature and drop-diameter values. A mathematical basis is also provided for the future statistical analysis of meteorological icing data that can be obtained throughout the world.
Comparison of Heat Transfer from Airfoil in Natural and Simulated Icing Conditions
"An investigation of the heat transfer from an airfoil in clear air and in simulated icing conditions was conducted in the NACA Lewis 6- by 9-foot icing-research tunnel in order to determine the validity of heat-transfer data as obtained in the tunnel. This investigation was made on the same model NACA 65,2-016 airfoil section used in a previous flight study, under similar heating, icing, and operating conditions. The effect of tunnel turbulence, in clear air and in icing was indicated by the forward movement of transition from laminar to turbulent heat transfer" (p. 1).
A Method for Rapid Determination of the Icing Limit of a Body in Terms of the Stream Conditions
"The effects of existing frictional heating were analyzed to determine the conditions under which ice formations on aircraft surfaces can be prevented. A method is presented for rapidly determining by means of charts the combination of-Mach number, altitude, and stream temperature which will maintain an ice-free surface in an icing cloud. The method can be applied to both subsonic and supersonic flow. The charts presented are for Mach numbers up to 1.8 and pressure altitudes from sea level to 45,000 feet" (p. 1).
Penetration of Air Jets Issuing from Circular, Square, and Elliptical Orifices Directed Perpendicularly to an Air Stream
From Summary: "An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the penetration of air jets directed perpendicularly to an air stream. Jets issuing from circular, square, and elliptical orifices were investigated and the jet penetration at a position downstream of the orifice was determined- as a function of jet density, jet velocity, air-stream density, air-stream velocity, effective jet diameter, and orifice flow coeffIcient. The jet penetrations were determined for nearly constant values of air-stream density at three tunnel-air velocities arid for a large range of jet velocities and densities."
General Correlation of Temperature Profiles Downstream of a Heated Air Jet Directed at Various Angles to Air Stream
An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the temperature profiles downstream of heated air jets directed at angles of 90 deg, 60 deg, 45 deg, and 30 deg to an air stream. The profiles were determined at two positions downstream of the jet as a function of jet diameter, jet density, jet velocity, free-stream density, free-stream velocity, jet total temperature, orifice flow coefficient, and jet angle. A method is presented which yields a good approximation of the temperature profile in terms of the flow and geometric conditions.
A General Correlation of Temperature Profiles Downstream of a Heated-Air Jet Directed Perpendicularly to an Air Stream
"An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the temperature profile downstream of a heated-air jet directed perpendicularly to an air stream. The profiles were determined at several positions downstream of the jet as functions of jet density, jet velocity, free-stream density, free-stream velocity, jet temperature, and orifice flow coefficient. A method is presented which yields a good approximation of the temperature profile in terms of dimensionless parameters of the flow and geometric conditions" (p. 1).
Simple Graphical Solution of Heat Transfer and Evaporation From Surface Heated to Prevent Icing
"Equations expressing the heat transfer and evaporation from wetted surfaces during ice prevention have been simplified and regrouped to permit solutions by simple graphical means. Working charts for quick and accurate anti-icing calculations are also included" (p. 1).
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