Latest content added for UNT Digital Library Collection: Congressional Research Service Reportshttps://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/CRSR/browse/?start=140&fq=str_location_country:Japan2005-06-11T22:34:38-05:00UNT LibrariesThis is a custom feed for browsing UNT Digital Library Collection: Congressional Research Service ReportsThe Yen/Dollar Exchange Rate2005-06-11T22:34:38-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs137/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs137/"><img alt="The Yen/Dollar Exchange Rate" title="The Yen/Dollar Exchange Rate" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs137/small/"/></a></p><p>The dollar declined abruptly in value against the yen in the second quarter of 1994, spurring the central banks of seventeen nations to coordinate a series of intervention efforts in the world's currency trading markets. In addition, the dollar's decline sparked discussions of the possible policy moves the United States and other nations might take to stem the fluctuations in the value of the dollar. Economic theory and empirical evidence indicate that the underlying movement of the exchange rate is tied to the long-term, macroeconomic movements of the economy, or to the combined movements of the economies of different countries, such as the United States and Japan. These macroeconomic factors account for at least half of the overall movement of exchange rates.</p>Japan's World War II Reparations: A Fact Sheet2005-06-11T21:45:33-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs13/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs13/"><img alt="Japan's World War II Reparations: A Fact Sheet" title="Japan's World War II Reparations: A Fact Sheet" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs13/small/"/></a></p><p>Japan's war reparations following World War II came in two stages. In the first, 1946-1949, U.S. and allied governments arranged for U.S. occupation authorities to ship about $160 million in Japanese industrial equipment to China, the Philippines, Indonesia, and the British colonies in East Asia.</p>The Japanese Health Care System2005-06-11T19:52:32-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2/"><img alt="The Japanese Health Care System" title="The Japanese Health Care System" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2/small/"/></a></p><p>This report provides (1) a description of the coverage, benefits, financing and administration of the Japanese health insurance plans; (2) a discussion of the way in which reimbursement levels for health care providers are determined; and (3) an analysis of the way in which the provision of health care system is organized in Japan.</p>Japan-North Korea Relations: Selected Issues2005-06-11T19:18:51-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4963/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4963/"><img alt="Japan-North Korea Relations: Selected Issues" title="Japan-North Korea Relations: Selected Issues" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4963/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress2005-06-11T16:15:16-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3037/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3037/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3037/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress2005-06-11T16:14:23-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3036/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3036/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3036/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress2005-06-11T16:13:31-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3035/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3035/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3035/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress2005-06-11T16:12:41-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3034/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3034/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3034/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress2005-06-11T16:11:52-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3033/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3033/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3033/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress2005-06-11T16:11:03-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1774/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1774/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for the 107th Congress" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1774/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress2005-06-11T16:10:06-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6243/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6243/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6243/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress2005-06-11T16:09:18-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4881/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4881/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4881/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress2005-06-11T16:08:26-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4880/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4880/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4880/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress2005-06-11T16:07:29-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4879/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4879/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4879/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress2005-06-11T16:06:39-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4878/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4878/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4878/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress2005-06-11T16:05:45-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4877/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4877/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4877/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress2005-06-11T16:04:46-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4876/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4876/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4876/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress2005-06-11T16:03:51-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4875/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4875/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4875/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress2005-06-11T16:02:59-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4874/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4874/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4874/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress2005-06-11T16:02:07-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1233/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1233/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1233/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s2005-06-11T15:31:30-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs128/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs128/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs128/small/"/></a></p><p>Japan-U.S. relations are more uncertain and subject to greater
strain today than at any time since World War II. Longstanding
military allies and increasingly interdependent economic
partners, Japan and the United States have worked closely
together to build a strong, multifaceted relationship based on
democratic values and interests in world stability and
development. But Japan today is our foremost economic and
technological competitor.</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s2005-06-11T15:31:13-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs127/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs127/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs127/small/"/></a></p><p>Japan-U.S. relations are more uncertain and subject to greater
strain today than at any time since World War II. Longstanding
military allies and increasingly interdependent economic partners,
Japan and the United States have worked closely together to build
a strong, multifaceted relationship based on democratic values and
interests in world stability and development. But Japan today is
our foremost economic and technological competitor. It consistently
runs the largest annual international trade surplus with the U.S.
($59 billion in 1993). The end of the Cold War, lackluster
international economic conditions, and the focus on economic issues
in U.S. politics have raised new questions about the appropriate
U.S. policy toward this Asian ally.</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s2005-06-11T15:30:57-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs126/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs126/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs126/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s2005-06-11T15:30:40-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs125/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs125/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs125/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s2005-06-11T14:09:13-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs32/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs32/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress in the 1990s" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs32/small/"/></a></p><p>Japan-U.S. relations are more uncertain and subject to greater
strain today than at any time since World War II. Longstanding
military allies and increasingly interdependent economic partners,
Japan and the United States have worked closely together to build
a strong, multifaceted relationship based on democratic values and
interests in world stability and development. But Japan today is
our foremost economic and technological competitor. The Cold War
thaw, discord in U.S.-Japanese relations over the Iraq-Kuwait
crisis of 1990-1991, a protracted U.S. recession, and exigencies of
U.S. election-year politics raised new questions about the
appropriate U.S. policy toward this Asian ally.</p>The Federal Reserve's Arrangement for Emergency Loans to Japanese Banks2005-06-11T13:02:54-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs212/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs212/"><img alt="The Federal Reserve's Arrangement for Emergency Loans to Japanese Banks" title="The Federal Reserve's Arrangement for Emergency Loans to Japanese Banks" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs212/small/"/></a></p><p>The U.S. Federal Reserve reportedly has an arrangement with the Bank of Japan to provide emergency loans to Japanese banks operating overseas in exchange for U.S. Treasury securities. The collateralized loans would be extended on short notice for banks facing emergency liquidity needs. The purpose of the arrangement is to forestall the possible sale by Japanese banks of large amounts of U.S. Government securities (thereby raising U.S.
interest rates) and to boost confidence in Japan's financial system. The loans would not risk U.S. taxpayers' funds. The Chairmen of both House and Senate Banking Committees have made statements about the arrangement, thus making it a matter oflegislative interest.</p>Japan-U.S. 1995 Automotive Dispute: Impact of 100 Percent Tariffs on Automobile Dealers by State2005-06-11T13:02:24-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs207/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs207/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. 1995 Automotive Dispute: Impact of 100 Percent Tariffs on Automobile Dealers by State" title="Japan-U.S. 1995 Automotive Dispute: Impact of 100 Percent Tariffs on Automobile Dealers by State" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs207/small/"/></a></p><p>There have been varying estimates of the number of U.S. automobile dealerships that would be affected by the Administration's recently announced plan to impose a 100-percent tariff on imported Japanese luxury automobiles. This report examines the assumptions which result in some of the differences.
also provides a State-by-State estimate of numbers of dealers potentially affected if the higher tariffs are imposed.</p>Japan's Response to U.S. Trade Pressures: End of an Era?2005-06-11T13:02:21-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs208/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs208/"><img alt="Japan's Response to U.S. Trade Pressures: End of an Era?" title="Japan's Response to U.S. Trade Pressures: End of an Era?" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs208/small/"/></a></p><p>Over the past 30 years, U.S. trade negotiators have
pressured Japan to open its market to foreign goods and services.
These outside pressures, known as gaiatsu in Japan, have been
based partly on economically coercive bargaining and partly on
invitation. The coercive element, which has entailed threats of
retaliatory market constriction should a satisfactory resolution
of the market opening dispute not be forthcoming, generally has
been a necessary ingredient in obtaining concessions from Japan.
The invitational component, which has included requests for U.S.
pressures from Japanese interests who favor reforms, generally
has facilitated Japanese concessions and made the gaiatsu process
unique.</p>Japan's Keiretsu: Industrial Groups as Trade Barriers2005-06-11T12:59:27-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs119/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs119/"><img alt="Japan's Keiretsu: Industrial Groups as Trade Barriers" title="Japan's Keiretsu: Industrial Groups as Trade Barriers" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs119/small/"/></a></p><p>A prominent feature of Japan's capitalism consists of families of
companies called keiretsu that are linked by crossholdings of
stock shares, intra-group financing, and certain coordinating
mechanisms. Two types of keiretsu exist: large horizontally
organized industrial conglomerates, such as Mitsubishi, Mitsui,
and Sumitomo, and vertically integrated manufacturers, such as
Toyota, Nippon Steel, and Matsushita Electric. They have become a
contentious issue in U.S. trade negotiations with Japan for
several reasons.</p>A "Managed Trade" Policy Toward Japan?2005-06-11T12:58:46-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs118/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs118/"><img alt="A "Managed Trade" Policy Toward Japan?" title="A "Managed Trade" Policy Toward Japan?" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs118/small/"/></a></p><p>This report examines: (1) the definition(s) of managed trade, (2) the underlying economic arguments for and against such policies, (3) past U.S. experiences with managed trade, (4) perceptions that Japan is somehow "different" from other trading nations and warrants a distinctive approach to resolving trade disputes, (5) the implications of the Administration's current results oriented approach to U.S.-Japan trade issues, and (6) alternative proposals offered in Congress to resolve trade disputes with Japan.</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: U.S. Officials' Attitudes on the Eve of the Clinton Administration2005-06-11T12:57:51-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs68/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs68/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: U.S. Officials' Attitudes on the Eve of the Clinton Administration" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: U.S. Officials' Attitudes on the Eve of the Clinton Administration" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs68/small/"/></a></p><p>The U.S. officials interviewed for this study see little chance of
an immediate improvement in U.S. relations with Japan over the next
year. Trends in the United States and Japan in recent years have
led to deepening U.S. frustrations, especially over economic
issues. These developments have combined with fundamental changes
(notably the collapse of the USSR) affecting U.S.-Japanese
political-military ties to lead many U.S. officials to question the
allocation of costs and benefits in the U.S.-Japan relationship and
to press for arrangements that will alter the allocation in the
interests of the United States. U.S. officials assume that their
Japanese counterparts are undertaking similar reassessments.</p>Japan and NAFTA2005-06-11T12:57:33-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs67/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs67/"><img alt="Japan and NAFTA" title="Japan and NAFTA" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs67/small/"/></a></p><p>Japan, as an issue, has entered the debate over U.S. approval of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in several ways. The Clinton Administration has argued that Americans should support NAFTA because if it fails to pass Congress, Japan will rush to
negotiate a similar arrangement with Mexico. Proponents of NAFTA
also have argued that since Japan opposes NAFTA (because of its
presumed protectionism and the benefits it provides to North American businesses), it must be "good for America." Opponents of NAFTA argue that the agreement would provide opportunities for Japanese manufacturers to invest in Mexico and export unfettered to the American market. Also, they assert that NAFTA would be like previous trade agreements, particularly with Japan, that have ended up hurting the U.S. economy. In either case, the effects of NAFTA on Japan would likely be small.</p>Japanese Officials' View of Relations with the Clinton Administration, May-June 19932005-06-11T12:57:10-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs65/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs65/"><img alt="Japanese Officials' View of Relations with the Clinton Administration, May-June 1993" title="Japanese Officials' View of Relations with the Clinton Administration, May-June 1993" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs65/small/"/></a></p><p>Japanese officials interviewed for this project in May-early June
1993 were generally sanguine about relations with the United States
at the start of the Clinton Administration, but the
Administrations's strong emphasis on U.S.- Japan trade issues in
recent months deepened their pessimism over the near term prospects
of U.S.-Japan relations. They were uncertain whether U.S.- Japanese
talks on trade issues prior to the Clinton-Miyazawa summit of July
1993 would reflect a basic change in U.S. trade policy that in term
would alter their generally pessimistic outlook.</p>Japan's Foreign Aid2005-06-11T12:57:00-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs64/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs64/"><img alt="Japan's Foreign Aid" title="Japan's Foreign Aid" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs64/small/"/></a></p><p>Japan has quickly risen to prominence as a donor of official
development assistance (ODA), providing volumes of aid on par
with the United States since the late 1980s. Originally a tool to
bolster Japan's postwar economic recovery, Japanese aid has
gradually assumed importance as a foreign policy tool. Faced with
increased pressure from the international community to play a
greater role in meeting global challenges and lacking the
military and diplomatic resources of other nations, Japan has
increasingly turned to its foreign aid as a source of world
influence.</p>Japan-U.S. Relations: Policy Issues for the Clinton Administration and the 103rd Congress2005-06-11T12:56:30-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs63/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs63/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations: Policy Issues for the Clinton Administration and the 103rd Congress" title="Japan-U.S. Relations: Policy Issues for the Clinton Administration and the 103rd Congress" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs63/small/"/></a></p><p>The Clinton Administration and the 103rd Congress are in the
early stages of a major review of U.S. trade, international
and security relations with Japan, the principal U.S. ally
and trading partner in Asia. A number of recent developments
have raised tensions in this mutually beneficial
relationship, which is still characterized by deepening
economic interdependence and close political and security
cooperation. These include the end of the Cold War, which has
eliminated a common military threat; the recent renewed rise
in Japan's trade surplus after several years of decline; and
increasing international assertiveness by Japan, sometimes in
conflict with U.S. policy.</p>Japan-U.S. Economic Relations: Selected References2005-06-11T12:56:00-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs31/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs31/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Economic Relations: Selected References" title="Japan-U.S. Economic Relations: Selected References" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs31/small/"/></a></p><p>This list of readings focuses on the current state of the U.S. economic relationship with Japan. A general, introductory section is followed by citations discussing specific Japanese business practices and trade policies which have an impact on the relationship. The bibliography also describes trade trends in specific sectors (including commentaries on the semiconductor agreement) and concludes with a section on policy options.</p>Commercial Relations with Russia: Prospects for a Common United States-Japanese Policy2005-06-11T12:55:36-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs30/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs30/"><img alt="Commercial Relations with Russia: Prospects for a Common United States-Japanese Policy" title="Commercial Relations with Russia: Prospects for a Common United States-Japanese Policy" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs30/small/"/></a></p><p>Discussions in Japan in May 1992 related to potential agreements at the September 1992 Russian-Japanese summit were keyed to the central question, Will the barriers to significant commercial cooperation involving Russia, Japan and the United States in Russian Siberia be removed? [1] From these discussions among key Japanese industrialists, bankers, government officials and academics who influence policy, came a tentative "yes", if four conditions are met. A positive outcome would thus seem more likely than at any previous time. Such an outcome would likely promote profitable trade and investment, creating jobs in U.S. enterprises and serve as a vehicle for mutually beneficial U.S.-Japanese cooperation.</p>Japan-Taiwan Economic Relations: Implications for the U.S.2005-06-11T12:55:30-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs29/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs29/"><img alt="Japan-Taiwan Economic Relations: Implications for the U.S." title="Japan-Taiwan Economic Relations: Implications for the U.S." src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs29/small/"/></a></p><p>Taiwan and Japan might seem to be two similar island economies when viewed from this side of the Pacific, but they are strikingly dissimilar. Over the twentieth century, their relationship with one another has shifted from colonial to mutual growth and recognition to the current anomaly of an intense economic interchange accompanied by severed diplomatic ties. Between Taiwan and Japan, the private sector is taking the lead in developing a relationship that is both mutually beneficial and strained.</p>Japan-U.S. Relations in a Post-Cold War Environment: Emerging Trends and Issues for U.S. Policy2005-06-11T12:55:04-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs28/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs28/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Relations in a Post-Cold War Environment: Emerging Trends and Issues for U.S. Policy" title="Japan-U.S. Relations in a Post-Cold War Environment: Emerging Trends and Issues for U.S. Policy" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs28/small/"/></a></p><p>The prospects for Japan-U.S. relations in a rapidly changing minternational environment were explored in depth in a September
27, 1991, CRS seminar entitled "The Future of U.S.-Japan Relations: Global Partnership or Strategic, Rivalry?" A full transcript of the proceedings was published in February 1992 by the House Committee on Ways and Means as a Committee Print. This report summarizes the principal findings of that seminar.</p>Japan-U.S. Global Partnership: Implications of the Postponement of the President's November 1991 Trip to Japan2005-06-11T12:54:49-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs12/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs12/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Global Partnership: Implications of the Postponement of the President's November 1991 Trip to Japan" title="Japan-U.S. Global Partnership: Implications of the Postponement of the President's November 1991 Trip to Japan" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs12/small/"/></a></p><p>Both the Bush Administration and the new Japanese Government headed by Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa had given considerable importance to the President,s planned trip to Tokyo in late November, now postponed in the interest of attending to domestic concerns.</p>Japanese Lobbying and U.S. Automobile Policy2005-06-11T12:54:18-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs61/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs61/"><img alt="Japanese Lobbying and U.S. Automobile Policy" title="Japanese Lobbying and U.S. Automobile Policy" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs61/small/"/></a></p><p>This report surveys U.S. automobile policy in the 1980s in order to clarify the effects of foreign lobbying. The conclusion is that the success of Japanese and other foreign lobbying on automobile policy has been mixed. Some decisions have gone their way; others have not. Their success is partly because they have aligned their efforts with those of powerful domestic interests.</p>Japan's Banking Crisis: Causes and Probable Effects2005-06-11T11:09:47-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs201/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs201/"><img alt="Japan's Banking Crisis: Causes and Probable Effects" title="Japan's Banking Crisis: Causes and Probable Effects" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs201/small/"/></a></p><p>Japan's banking sector currently is carrying between $400
billion and $800 billion in non-performing loans that threaten
the solvency of certain financial institutions and weaken the
Japanese financial system. This problem is of interest to the
United States because the stability of Japan's banking system
affects the health of that nation's economy, its rate of economic
growth, and international capital flows. This, in turn, may
affect American exports to, imports from, and investments in
Japan. It also has affected Japanese investments in the United
States and may affect the resolution of issues being negotiated
or recently agreed to with that nation under the Framework Talks.</p>July 1992 Japanese Elections2005-06-11T05:50:19-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs25/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs25/"><img alt="July 1992 Japanese Elections" title="July 1992 Japanese Elections" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs25/small/"/></a></p><p>Elections for half of the 252 seats of the upper house of Japan's
Diet (parliament) will be held in late July 1992. The ruling
Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) appears unlikely to regain the
majority it lost in the previous upper house election in July
1989. It appears that continued, but sometimes difficult,
cooperation between the LDP and some of the smaller opposition
parties is one likely result of the 1992 election. On the other
hand, there is a possibility that significant political changes,
such as the formation of a coalition government or even a
reorganization of the political parties, could result from an
opposition victory. As of early June, there are two large sources
of uncertainty regarding the upcoming election: first, the LDP
could dissolve the lower house and hold a lower house election on
the same day as the upper house election, which would alter all
calculations of likely outcomes; and second, political scandals
which would probably hit the LDP hardest could be brought to
light before the election.</p>The Rise of China and Its Effect on Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea: U.S. Policy Choices2005-06-11T05:49:26-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6212/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6212/"><img alt="The Rise of China and Its Effect on Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea: U.S. Policy Choices" title="The Rise of China and Its Effect on Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea: U.S. Policy Choices" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6212/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan's Looming Bank Crisis: A Half Trillion Dollars in Non-Performing Loans?2005-06-11T05:32:05-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs108/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs108/"><img alt="Japan's Looming Bank Crisis: A Half Trillion Dollars in Non-Performing Loans?" title="Japan's Looming Bank Crisis: A Half Trillion Dollars in Non-Performing Loans?" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs108/small/"/></a></p><p>Japan's top 21 banks have reported Y13.6 trillion (US$136 billion)
in non-performing loans, but experts consider the true figure to be
in the range of Y40 to Y60 trillion (US$400 to US$600 billion). If
90, Japan's banks may take five to seven more years to write off
their bad loans and restore health to their balance sheets. Current
write-offs are being financed primarily by sales of stocks held by
banks whose values have appreciated. This problem of bad loans is
depressing Japan's economic growth rate and making resolution of
trade disputes and further opening of Japan's financial markets
more difficult.</p>Japan's Budget: Role in Economic Policymaking2005-06-11T05:31:31-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs106/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs106/"><img alt="Japan's Budget: Role in Economic Policymaking" title="Japan's Budget: Role in Economic Policymaking" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs106/small/"/></a></p><p>The Japanese economy has been in recession for three years,
making it the longest recession in Japan's post-war experience.
Groups within and outside Japan are calling on Japan to adopt
aggressive fiscal policy measures to boost the Japanese economy
and to aid in the recovery of the world economy. Japan has
enacted a number of limited measures to stimulate, but it is
unlikely to move more aggressively to adopt deficit-financing
measures to stimulate its economy for a number of reasons:
political and government leaders oppose deficit financing in
principle; and under present economic conditions, Japanese
officials are more concerned with the effects a fiscal stimulus
program will have on the yen, on Japan's trade account, and on
its economic recovery.</p>Japan's Economy: From Bubble to Bust2005-06-11T05:31:26-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs104/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs104/"><img alt="Japan's Economy: From Bubble to Bust" title="Japan's Economy: From Bubble to Bust" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs104/small/"/></a></p><p>In the 1980s, Japan's economy posted strong economic growth, in
stark contrast to the more pedestrian growth other developed
economies experienced. In this period, referred to as the "bubble"
economy, Japan experienced a sharp increase in the values of land
and stocks. The fast paced growth came to a halt in 1991, however,
as the Ministry of Finance grew concerned over prospects of a
rising rate of inflation, and, accordingly, tightened the nation's
money supply. Since then, Japanese economic growth has fallen
sharply and the economy has experienced asset deflation, rising
levels of unemployment, and falling corporate profits and
investments.</p>Japan-U.S. Cooperation on Ballistic Missile Defense: Issues and Prospects2005-06-11T04:30:55-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2515/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2515/"><img alt="Japan-U.S. Cooperation on Ballistic Missile Defense: Issues and Prospects" title="Japan-U.S. Cooperation on Ballistic Missile Defense: Issues and Prospects" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2515/small/"/></a></p><p>None</p>Japan's Sea Shipment of Plutonium2005-06-11T03:10:45-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs53/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs53/"><img alt="Japan's Sea Shipment of Plutonium" title="Japan's Sea Shipment of Plutonium" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs53/small/"/></a></p><p>Japan's sea shipment of a ton of plutonium from France to Japan on
Nov. 7, 1992, faced strong public opposition, as did a previous one
in 1984, from various public interest groups, independent analysts,
and Members of Congress. The shipment arrived safely in Tokyo Jan.
4, 1993. Several more shipments at intervals of about 3 years are
expected. While the plutonium is owned by Japanese utilities, it
was produced from uranium enriched in the United States and
supplied under a U.S.-Japan agreement for nuclear cooperation,
revised in 1988. Although the agreement ties some strings to what
Japan can do with nuclear imports from the United States, it also
in effect gives to Japan a 30-year advance consent to ship
plutonium subject to informing the United States.</p>Japanese Participation in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations2005-06-11T01:59:28-05:00https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs24/<p><a href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs24/"><img alt="Japanese Participation in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations" title="Japanese Participation in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations" src="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs24/small/"/></a></p><p>Japan is positioned to deploy its troops overseas for the first
time since World War II. Under a controversial peacekeeping
operations (PKO) bill passed by the Japanese Diet (parliament) on
June 15, 1992, Japan is allowed to dispatch Self-Defense Forces
(SDF) soldiers abroad for noncombat service with United Nations
peacekeeping forces (PKF). [1] The politically sensitive PKO
legislation comes two years after Japan was stung by
international criticism for its failure to send troops to the
Persian Gulf, even just for noncombat support. The day after the
passage of the bill, Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa pledged an
early dispatch of SDF personnel to Cambodia.</p>