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Japan's Banking Crisis: Causes and Probable Effects

Description: Japan's banking sector currently is carrying between $400 billion and $800 billion in non-performing loans that threaten the solvency of certain financial institutions and weaken the Japanese financial system. This problem is of interest to the United States because the stability of Japan's banking system affects the health of that nation's economy, its rate of economic growth, and international capital flows. This, in turn, may affect American exports to, imports from, and investments in Japan… more
Date: October 6, 1995
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan-U.S. Trade: Results of Trade Negotiations - An Issue Overview

Description: On May 25, 1989, President Bush proposed that the United States undertake the Structural Impediments Initiative (SII), a series of discussions with Japan to address certain fundamental Japanese economic policies and business practices that the United States claims impede U.S. exports and investments. The SII was, in part, a Bush Administration response to the stubborn U.S. trade deficit and other problems that have caused friction in the U.S. trading relationship with Japan. It was also … more
Date: November 24, 1993
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan-U.S. Relations: U.S. Officials' Attitudes on the Eve of the Clinton Administration

Description: The U.S. officials interviewed for this study see little chance of an immediate improvement in U.S. relations with Japan over the next year. Trends in the United States and Japan in recent years have led to deepening U.S. frustrations, especially over economic issues. These developments have combined with fundamental changes (notably the collapse of the USSR) affecting U.S.-Japanese political-military ties to lead many U.S. officials to question the allocation of costs and benefits in the U.S.-… more
Date: January 19, 1993
Creator: Sutter, Robert G.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan: Resale Price Maintenance

Description: Resale price maintenance occurs when manufacturers control the prices charged by wholesalers or retailers of their products. In Japan, such activities are prohibited, although certain exemptions are allowed. The U.S. concern over the practice is that it could allow Japanese firms to generate a secure profit base in their home market in order to finance aggressive price competition abroad.
Date: March 28, 1991
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan-U.S. Relations: Policy Issues for the Clinton Administration and the 103rd Congress

Description: The Clinton Administration and the 103rd Congress are in the early stages of a major review of U.S. trade, international and security relations with Japan, the principal U.S. ally and trading partner in Asia. A number of recent developments have raised tensions in this mutually beneficial relationship, which is still characterized by deepening economic interdependence and close political and security cooperation. These include the end of the Cold War, which has eliminated a common military thre… more
Date: April 29, 1993
Creator: Cronin, Richard P.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan's Foreign Aid

Description: Japan has quickly risen to prominence as a donor of official development assistance (ODA), providing volumes of aid on par with the United States since the late 1980s. Originally a tool to bolster Japan's postwar economic recovery, Japanese aid has gradually assumed importance as a foreign policy tool. Faced with increased pressure from the international community to play a greater role in meeting global challenges and lacking the military and diplomatic resources of other nations, Japan has in… more
Date: May 5, 1993
Creator: Hankes, Nancy J
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan's Sea Shipment of Plutonium

Description: Japan's sea shipment of a ton of plutonium from France to Japan on Nov. 7, 1992, faced strong public opposition, as did a previous one in 1984, from various public interest groups, independent analysts, and Members of Congress. The shipment arrived safely in Tokyo Jan. 4, 1993. Several more shipments at intervals of about 3 years are expected. While the plutonium is owned by Japanese utilities, it was produced from uranium enriched in the United States and supplied under a U.S.-Japan agreement … more
Date: January 15, 1993
Creator: Donnelly, Warren H. & Davis, Zachary S.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japanese and U.S. Industrial Associations: Their Roles in High-Technology Policymaking

Description: In both Japan and in the United States, industrial associations play an important role in enhancing government understanding and interaction with industries and in easing cooperative efforts among firms. This report examines the role of industrial associations and related organizations in high-technology policymaking and in accelerating technological development.
Date: June 26, 1991
Creator: Nanto, Dick K. & McLoughlin, Glenn J.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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JETRO and International Trade Promotion by Japan

Description: JETRO, the Japan External Trade Organization, has played a key role in Japan's system for trade promotion. It is a public corporation, a quasi-governmental organization, operating under the general supervision of Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI).
Date: June 10, 1994
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan-U.S. Trade Negotiations Under the Framework: Status and Alternative Approaches

Description: It has been more than a year since the United States and Japan established their bilateral framework for trade negotiations and other economic relations. The framework set down rules and deadlines to address various economic issues, particularly market access in Japan for U.S. exports and the Japanese global trade surplus. The two sides have failed to reach agreements on any of the major issues. The United States is left with several policy options to resolve the breakdown in trade negotiations. more
Date: August 2, 1994
Creator: Cooper, William H.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan-U.S. Trade Negotiations: Will the Deadlock Be Broken?

Description: The United States and Japan have been deadlocked for over a year in an effort to reach agreements under the July 1993 Framework for a New Economic Relationship. The overriding obstacle has concerned the issue of how to measure progress under future agreements to open Japan's market further to foreign goods and services.
Date: September 13, 1994
Creator: Ahearn, Raymond J.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan-U.S. Automotive Framework Talks

Description: The U.S.-Japan framework talks were initiated in July 1993. The automotive negotiations between Japan and the United States focused on sales of U.S. vehicles in Japan; sales of U.S.-made original equipment parts in Japan and to Japanese transplants in the United States; and deregulation of the market for replacement parts in Japan. An unresolved dispute over shock absorbers and other replacement parts resulted in the United States launching a formal investigation of Japanese market barriers to … more
Date: November 10, 1994
Creator: Bass, Gwenell L.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan-U.S. Trade: A Chronology of Major Events, 1980-1990

Description: Former U.S. Ambassador to Japan Mike Mansfield once classified U.S. Japanese relations as "the most important bilateral relationship in the world, bar none." Over the past decade, tensions between the two nations increased markedly, due largely to U.S. concerns over the sharp rise in the U.S. Japan bilateral trade imbalance and to the growing competitive challenge posed by Japan. This paper provides a chronology of major trade events between the United States and Japan from 1980 through 1990 in… more
Date: June 20, 1991
Creator: Morrison, Wayne M. & Villarreal, M. Angeles
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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The Japanese Health Care System

Description: This report provides (1) a description of the coverage, benefits, financing and administration of the Japanese health insurance plans; (2) a discussion of the way in which reimbursement levels for health care providers are determined; and (3) an analysis of the way in which the provision of health care system is organized in Japan.
Date: October 13, 1989
Creator: Sokolovsky, Joan
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan-U.S. Trade U.S. Exports of Negotiated Products, 1985-1990

Description: Trade relations between the United States and Japan in the 1980s were marked by U.S. efforts to pressure Japan to absorb increasingly greater amounts of U.S. exports. The United States sought to improve its steadily worsening bilateral trade deficit with Japan by negotiating to lower barriers to U.S. exports through the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the Market Oriented, Sector Selective Talks, the Super 301 process, the Structural Impediments Initiative, and other bilateral fora. The … more
Date: November 26, 1991
Creator: Gold, Peter L. & Nanto, Dick K.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan-U.S. 1995 Automotive Dispute: Impact of 100 Percent Tariffs on Automobile Dealers by State

Description: There have been varying estimates of the number of U.S. automobile dealerships that would be affected by the Administration's recently announced plan to impose a 100-percent tariff on imported Japanese luxury automobiles. This report examines the assumptions which result in some of the differences. also provides a State-by-State estimate of numbers of dealers potentially affected if the higher tariffs are imposed.
Date: June 16, 1995
Creator: Heavner, Penelope Fay
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan's Response to U.S. Trade Pressures: End of an Era?

Description: Over the past 30 years, U.S. trade negotiators have pressured Japan to open its market to foreign goods and services. These outside pressures, known as gaiatsu in Japan, have been based partly on economically coercive bargaining and partly on invitation. The coercive element, which has entailed threats of retaliatory market constriction should a satisfactory resolution of the market opening dispute not be forthcoming, generally has been a necessary ingredient in obtaining concessions from Japan… more
Date: June 12, 1995
Creator: Ahearn, Raymond J.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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The Federal Reserve's Arrangement for Emergency Loans to Japanese Banks

Description: The U.S. Federal Reserve reportedly has an arrangement with the Bank of Japan to provide emergency loans to Japanese banks operating overseas in exchange for U.S. Treasury securities. The collateralized loans would be extended on short notice for banks facing emergency liquidity needs. The purpose of the arrangement is to forestall the possible sale by Japanese banks of large amounts of U.S. Government securities (thereby raising U.S. interest rates) and to boost confidence in Japan's financi… more
Date: December 27, 1995
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan's New Era of Coalition Governance: Implications for U.S. Interests and Policy

Description: Recent Japanese political instability has complicated U.S.-Japan relations and posed new challenges to the achievement of important American economic, foreign policy and security objectives. Since July 1993 Japan has been governed by coalitions under three different prime ministers. The first coalition, under Prime Minister Morihiro Hosokawa, pushed through electoral and campaign finance reform legislation of potentially long-term significance, but failed to overcome political, bureaucratic a… more
Date: March 15, 1995
Creator: Cronin, Richard P.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japanese Participation in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations

Description: Japan is positioned to deploy its troops overseas for the first time since World War II. Under a controversial peacekeeping operations (PKO) bill passed by the Japanese Diet (parliament) on June 15, 1992, Japan is allowed to dispatch Self-Defense Forces (SDF) soldiers abroad for noncombat service with United Nations peacekeeping forces (PKF). [1] The politically sensitive PKO legislation comes two years after Japan was stung by international criticism for its failure to send troops to th… more
Date: August 24, 1992
Creator: Shinn, Rinn-Sup
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Alternative Sources of Wood for Japan

Description: Japan is one of the world's largest wood importers, with two-thirds of its imports as logs (unprocessed timber). Southeast Asia has been the largest log supplier, but supplies (and exports to Japan) have been declining. The United States has become a more important supplier, but concerns about declining domestic timber supplies have led to proposals to prohibit or to tax log exports. Opponents suggest that Japan would simply turn to other sources to replace U.S. logs. One question in this debat… more
Date: August 25, 1994
Creator: Gorte, Ross W.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan's Ongoing Political Instability: Implications for U.S. Interests

Description: The surprise election of Socialist Party leader Tomiichi Murayama as Prime Minister on June 29, 1994, reflects an ongoing process of change and realignment in Japanese politics that, in the short term, has made the management of U.S.-Japan relations significantly more difficult and impeded the resolution of important issues. Although Murayama has pledged continuity in U.S.-Japan relations, and key cabinet posts have been given to senior LDP leaders with experience in dealing with Washington, hi… more
Date: July 8, 1994
Creator: Cronin, Richard P.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan's Prime Minister: Selection Process, 1991 Candidates, and Implications for the United States

Description: Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu's concurrent two-year term as president of the Liberal Democratic party (LDP) and Prime Minister of Japan expires at the end of October 1991. The May 1991 death of Shintaro Abe, the front runner to replace him, opened the field to nearly a dozen candidates. These include Kaifu for another term, senior LDP faction leaders Kiichi Miyazawa, Michio Watanabe, and Hiroshi Mitsuzuka, former Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita, and several others. A clear favorite from this gro… more
Date: September 24, 1991
Creator: Young, Jeffrey D
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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