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Congressional Research Service Reports
- Education Issues in the 105th Congress, 2nd Session
- Several education issues are being considered by the 105th Congress. Some of the congressional action results from expiring legislation, such as the Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA). Other action may occur because of debate over the appropriate federal role in education, including federal support for school reform or national testing. This report provides a brief summary of education issues anticipated for the 2nd Session, as well as a synopsis of education activity during the 1st Session. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs633/
- Palestinian Education and Debate Over Textbooks
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6936/
- Palestinian Education and the Debate Over Textbooks
- Palestinian education reform is often seen as a key element in internal Palestinian reform and the Palestinian-Israeli peace process, as well as in broader U.S. interests in the region. Concerns over Palestinian Authority (PA) textbooks often cite examples of anti-Jewish education materials and a lack of reference to or positive acknowledgment of the state of Israel. Overall, some analysts allege that PA textbooks spread a culture of violence that prizes martyrdom. Palestinian curriculum reform is an important element in the broader U.S. policy of promoting Middle East democracy and governance reforms. Palestinian curriculum development is relevant to congressional concerns about the Palestinian-Israeli peace process, levels of U.S. assistance to the Palestinians, U.N. reforms in the Palestinian Territories, and the broader U.S. promotion of democracy in the Middle East. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10379/
- Education Savings Accounts for Elementary and Secondary Education
- The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (P.L. 107-16) that President Bush signed on June 7, 2001, includes these changes, effective after 2001. The most prominent issue they raise is whether the federal government should assist families whose children are educated in private schools. Policy questions include what effect such assistance might have on public schools and student performance and whether it would be constitutional. Concerns have also been expressed that the legislation would create compliance problems and is most likely to benefit better-off families. P.L. 107-22 renamed the accounts Coverdell education savings accounts. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1820/
- Education Savings Accounts for Elementary and Secondary Education
- The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (P.L. 107-16) that President Bush signed on June 7, 2001, includes these changes, effective after 2001. The most prominent issue they raise is whether the federal government should assist families whose children are educated in private schools. Policy questions include what effect such assistance might have on public schools and student performance and whether it would be constitutional. Concerns have also been expressed that the legislation would create compliance problems and is most likely to benefit better-off families. P.L. 107-22 renamed the accounts Coverdell education savings accounts. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1819/
- Financial Aid for Students: Print and Web Guides
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2617/
- Possible Impacts of Major Counter Terrorism Security Actions on Research, Development, and Higher Education
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2517/
- Federal Taxation of Student Aid: An Overview
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2602/
- Tuition Tax Credits
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8858/
- Financial Aid for Students: Print and Web Guides
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4421/
- Higher Education Tax Credits: An Economic Analysis
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8354/
- Palestinian Education and the Debate Over Textbooks
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9805/
- Teacher Recruitment and Retention: Current Programs and Legislation in the 108th Congress
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5865/
- Monitoring Foreign Students in the United States: The Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS)
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5866/
- Social Security Student Benefits
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8819/
- Foreign Language and International Studies: Federal Aid Under Title VI of the Higher Education Act
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7881/
- The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987: Legal Analysis of S.557
- The Senate i n January 1988 passed S. 557 with amendments to “restore the...broad institution – wide application" of certain federal civil rights laws in the wake of t h e U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Grove City College v. Bell . This report discusses the background and contents of this legislation. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9613/
- Student Loan Forgiveness Programs
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5937/
- Student Loans: Proposals for Reauthorization
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs712/
- Standardized Educational Test Scores
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9235/
- The Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Improvements Act of 2010, As Enacted
- This report identifies and examines selected changes that the Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 makes to the Post-9/11 GI Bill and other GI Bills, including expanded eligibility. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103117/
- Higher Education Tax Benefits: Brief Overview and Budgetary Effects
- This report provides a brief overview of the higher education tax benefits that are currently available to students and their families. The report contrasts higher education tax benefits with traditional student aid, presents a brief history of higher education tax policy over the past 60 years, summarizes key features of the available tax benefits, and provides JCT estimates of revenue losses resulting from individual tax provisions. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc96712/
- The American Opportunity Tax Credit: Overview, Analysis, and Policy Options
- This report gives an overview of the American Opportunity Tax Credit (AOTC)—enacted on a temporary basis by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and extended through the end of 2012 by the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010— which is a partially-refundable tax credit that provides financial assistance to taxpayers who are attending college, or whose children are attending college. There are a variety of policy options mentioned in the report regarding the AOTC, including extending the credit, extending a modified AOTC, or repealing the Hope and Lifetime Credits and extending a modified AOTC that includes provisions included in these credits. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc87243/
- Higher Education Tax Benefits: Brief Overview and Budgetary Effects
- This report provides a brief overview of the higher education tax benefits that are currently available to students and their families. The report contrasts higher education tax benefits with traditional student aid, presents a brief history of higher education tax policy over the past 60 years, summarizes key features of the available tax benefits, and provides JCT estimates of revenue losses resulting from individual tax provisions. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc122214/
- Foreign Science and Engineering Presence in U.S. Institutions and the Labor Force
- The increased presence of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs and in the scientific workforce has been and continues to be of concern to some in the scientific community. Enrollment of U.S. citizens in graduate science and engineering programs has not kept pace with that of foreign students in those programs. In addition to the number of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs, a significant number of university faculty in the scientific disciplines are foreign, and foreign doctorates are employed in large numbers by industry. This report explains this issue in detail, as well as probable causes of said incongruity. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc29515/
- Foreign Science and Engineering Presence in U.S. Institutions and the Labor Force
- The increased presence of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs and in the scientific workforce has been and continues to be of concern to some in the scientific community. Enrollment of U.S. citizens in graduate science and engineering programs has not kept pace with that of foreign students in those programs. In addition to the number of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs, a significant number of university faculty in the scientific disciplines are foreign, and foreign doctorates are employed in large numbers by industry. This report explains this issue in detail, as well as probable causes of said incongruity. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc29516/
- Unauthorized Alien Students: Issues and "DREAM Act" Legislation
- Supporters of comprehensive immigration reform have urged the President and Congress to pursue reform legislation. While legislative action on comprehensive reform does not appear likely during the remainder of the 111th Congress, there may be an effort to enact a measure, commonly referred to as the "DREAM Act," to enable certain unauthorized alien students to legalize their status. This report discusses the DREAM act and related issues. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc29690/
- Unauthorized Alien Students: Issues and “DREAM Act” Legislation
- This report looks at the background and history of recent "DREAM Act"s, which address the status of unauthorized alien students. It pays special attention to the June 15, 2012 announcement that come individuals who were brought into the U.S. as children and meet other requirements would be eligible for deferred action for two years. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc94097/
- Internships, Fellowships, and Other Work Experience Opportunities in the Federal Government
- This report describes Internet resources on major internship, fellowship, and work experience programs within the federal government. It is intended as a selective guide for students of all levels: high school, undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate. This report will be updated annually. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc29546/
- Unauthorized Alien Students: Issues and "DREAM Act" Legislation
- Supporters of comprehensive immigration reform have urged the President and Congress to pursue reform legislation. While legislative action on comprehensive reform does not appear likely during the remainder of the 111th Congress, there may be an effort to enact a measure, commonly referred to as the "DREAM Act," to enable certain unauthorized alien students to legalize their status. This report discusses the DREAM act and related issues. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc31423/
- National Tests: Administration Initiative
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs636/
- K-12 Teacher Quality: Issues and Legislative Action
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6557/
- Goals 2000: Educate America Act Implementation Status and Issues
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs630/
- Elementary and Secondary Education: Accountability and Flexibility in Federal Aid Proposals
- The 107th Congress is considering proposals to amend the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). Much of the debate over these proposals has been focused on issues related to state and local accountability for, and flexibility in the use of, federal aid funds. Current federal elementary and secondary education assistance programs have a broad range of accountability requirements, including: targeting of resources on specific “high need” pupil groups, localities, or schools; limitations on the authorized uses of funds; fiscal accountability requirements, such as maintenance of effort; procedural requirements, such as parental participation or equitable treatment of pupils attending non-public schools; staff qualifications; reporting; outcome; and evaluation requirements. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1647/
- Technology Challenge Programs in the Elementary and Secondary Education Act
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1644/
- Funding School Renovation: Qualified Zone Academy Bonds vs. Traditional Tax-Exempt Bonds
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1649/
- Foreign Science and Engineering Presence in U.S. Institutions and the Labor Force
- The increased presence of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs and in the scientific workforce has been and continues to be of concern to some in the scientific community. Enrollment of U.S. citizens in graduate science and engineering programs has not kept pace with that of foreign students in those programs. In addition to the number of foreign students in graduate science and engineering programs, a significant number of university faculty in the scientific disciplines are foreign, and foreign doctorates are employed in large numbers by industry. This report explains this issue in detail, as well as probable causes of said incongruity. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10524/
- Tax Benefits for Education in the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997: New Legislative Developments
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1816/
- Foreign Students in the United States: Policies and Legislation
- Issues and legislation related to foreign students continue to arise. The funding and English-language competency of foreign students have raised concerns with some universities, advocacy groups, and other observers. Additionally, some recent legislation has focused on attracting foreign students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. Legislation passed in the Senate (S. 2611) would create pathways to citizenship for foreign students in the STEM fields of study. Although there are provisions in this legislation for undergraduate students, the major focus has been on students obtaining advanced degrees. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10477/
- Tax Treatment of Employer Educational Assistance for the Benefit of Employees
- Educational assistance offered by employers to their employees may be exempt from federal income tax under Section 127 and Section 132 of the Internal Revenue Code. Section 127 is the employer educational assistance exclusion; Section 132, the fringe benefit exclusion for working condition benefits (e.g., job-related eduction) among other benefits. Congress established the two tax provisions well before it enacted to her higher education tax benefits meant to assist taxpayers, their spouses, and dependents -- regardless of employment status -- pay current educational expenses incurred while obtaining postsecondary degrees and undertaking lifelong learning. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10765/
- Foreign Science and Engineering Presence in U.S. Institutions and the Labor Force
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10169/
- Concurrent Enrollment Programs
- Initiated in part as a proposal to reform U.S. high schools, concurrent enrollment programs enable high school aged students to take college level course work and receive college credit while enrolled in high school. Concurrent enrollment programs can be best described as a secondary/postsecondary school hybrid. This report provides a brief history of these programs and a description of the different types of programs, including participation data. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10197/
- School Facilities Infrastructure: Background and Legislative Proposals in the 106th Congress
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1096/
- Tax Benefits for Education in the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997: New Legislative Developments
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1245/
- School Facilities Infrastructure: Background and Legislative Proposals
- The federal government's role in financing school construction and renovation continues to be an issue in the 109th Congress, although school construction has generally been considered a state and local responsibility. According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), the unmet need for school construction and renovation is estimated to be $127 billion. NCES indicates that three-quarters of the nation's schools report needing funds to bring their buildings into a "good overall condition." Indirect federal support for school construction is currently provided by exempting the interest on state and local governmental bonds from federal income taxes, as well as other tax code provisions. In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, an estimated 400 schools need to be rebuilt in Louisiana and Mississippi. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10206/
- K-12 Teacher Quality: Issues and Legislative Action
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2612/
- K-12 Teacher Quality: Issues and Legislative Action
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2611/
- K-12 Teacher Quality: Issues and Legislative Action
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2610/
- Foreign Students in the United States: Policies and Legislation
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2614/
- Foreign Students in the United States: Policies and Legislation
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2613/