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1990-1999
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Congressional Research Service Reports
- Defense Cleanup and Environmental Programs: Authorization and Appropriations for FY2000
- Although Congress authorizes most federal programs for multiple years, it annually authorizes programs for national defense as well as appropriating funding for them each fiscal year. Of the activities traditionally authorized and funded, the Department of Defense (DOD) administers the following six environmental programs: environmental restoration, compliance, cleanup at base closure sites, pollution prevention, environmental technology, and natural resource conservation. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs940/
- Weapons of Mass Destruction - the Terrorist Threat
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1045/
- Highway Fund Sanctions and Conformity Under the Clean Air Act
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs936/
- The D.C. Circuit Remands the Ozone and Particulate Matter Clean-Air Standards:
- On May 14, 1999, in American Trucking Ass'ns v. EPA, a U.S. court of Appeals ruled that deficiencies in EPA's promulgation of new primary and secondary air quality standards required that they be remanded to the agency for further consideration. The decision is controversial, in part because the two-judge majority opinion relied principally on a long-moribund legal doctrine known as the nondelegation doctrine. The decision, if it survives appeal, will thus have implications for all delegations of congressional authority to agencies. In addition, its holding that the revised ozone ambient standard cannot be enforced has sparkled debate. By itself, however, the decision is unlikely to have major short-term effects on the ozone and particulate matter control programs digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs937/
- Terrorism: U.S. Response to Bombings in Kenya and Tanzania: A New Policy Direction?
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs603/
- Environmental Protection: Defense-Related Programs
- The Department of Defense (DOD) operates six environmental programs that address cleanup of past contamination at military facilities, compliance with environmental laws and regulations that apply to current activities, cleanup at military bases being closed, pollution prevention, natural resource conservation, and environmental technology. In addition, the Department of Energy (DOE) is responsible for managing defense nuclear waste generated from the past production of atomic materials used to construct nuclear weapons and for remediating contaminated sites. For FY1999, the Administration has requested a total of $10. 14 billion for DOD and DOE's defense-related environmental activities, which represents about 3.7% of the total request of $271.6 billion for national defense and is roughly 1.6% below the FY1998 funding level of $l0.30 billion. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs615/
- Crime Control Assistance Through the Byrne Programs
- The statute provides that states receive and distribute block grant funds and that the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) of the U.S. Department of Justice awards discretionary grants for specified activities. Allocated largely on the basis of population, block grant funds are used for personnel, equipment, training, technical assistance, and information systems to improve criminal justice systems. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs534/
- Juveniles in the Adult Criminal Justice System: An Overview
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs568/
- Violent and Abusive Behavior in Youth: A Public Health Problem
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs566/
- Independent Counsel Provisions: An Overview of the Operation of the Law
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs602/
- Mexico's Counter-Narcotics Efforts Under Zedillo, December 1994 to March 1998
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs600/
- Juvenile Justice Act Reauthorization: The Current Debate
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs569/
- Highway Fund Sanctions for Clean Air Act Violations
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs418/
- Terrorism, the Media, and the Government: Perspectives, Trends, and Options for Policymakers
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs419/
- Clean Water Act and TMDLs
- Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act requires states to identify waters that are impaired by pollution, even after application of pollution controls. For those waters, states must establish a total maximum daily load (TMDL) of pollutants to ensure that water quality standards can be attained. Implementation of this provision has been dormant until recently, when states and EPA were prodded by numerous lawsuits. The TMDL issue has become controversial, in part because of requirements and costs now facing states to implement a 25-year-old provision of the law. Congressional activity to reauthorize the Act, a possibility in the 2nd Session of the 105th Congress, could include TMDL issues, but the direction for any such action is unclear at this time. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs417/
- Drug Control: International Policy and Options
- Over the past decade, worldwide production of illicit drugs has risen dramatically: opium and marijuana production has roughly doubled and coca production tripled. Street prices of cocaine and heroin have fallen significantly in the past 20 years, reflecting increased availability. Despite apparent national political resolve to deal with the drug problem, inherent contradictions regularly appear between U.S. anti-drug policy and other national policy goals and concerns. The mix of competing domestic and international pressures and priorities has produced an ongoing series of disputes within and between the legislative and executive branches concerning U.S. international drug policy. One contentious issue has been the Congressionally-mandated certification process, an instrument designed to induce specified drug-exporting countries to prioritize or pay more attention to the fight against narcotics businesses. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs420/
- Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996: A Summary
- The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 is the product of legislative efforts stretching back well over a decade and stimulated to passage in part by the tragedies in Oklahoma City and the World Trade Center. This report summarizes the six titles of the Act, its sources, and related legislation. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs309/
- The Brady Handgun Control Act: Constitutional Issues
- The Brady Handgun Control Act established a five-day waiting period for handgun purchases, during which local law enforcement can make reasonable efforts to conduct background checks in available records and block and sales to convicted felons and other disqualified persons. This report reviews the background of federal gun control legislation, analyzes the conflict in the courts over the constitutionality under the Tenth Amendment of the duties placed on local law enforcement, and considers the implications of the decisions for Brady Act enforcement. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc26060/
- Federal Gun Control Laws: The Second Amendment and Other Constitutional Issues
- This report examines the historical, legal, and constitutional arguments for and against an individual right to bear firearms under the Second Amendment of the Constitution. Those who favor federal gun control laws tend to assert that the Second Amendment has been correctly interpreted by the courts to confer only a collective right, which may be exercised through state militias. Those who oppose gun control laws tend to assert that the Second Amendment should be interpreted to grant an individual right to bear arms for lawful purposes, subject to appropriately minimal restrictions. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc26076/