Congressional Research Service Reports - 76 Matching Results
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- Response to Terrorism: Legal Aspects of the Use of Military Force
- No Description Available.
- Defense Cleanup and Environmental Programs: Authorization and Appropriations for FY2001
- The Department of Defense operates six environmental programs: cleanup of past contamination at military facilities, acceleration of cleanup at military bases designated for closure, compliance with environmental laws and regulations that apply to ongoing military operations, pollution prevention, natural resource conservation, and environmental technology. In addition to these activities, the Department of Energy is responsible for managing defense nuclear waste and remediating contaminated sites. This report discusses the federal laws that established these programs, describes their scope and purpose, provides a history of appropriations, indicates the President’s budget request for FY2001, examines authorization and appropriations legislation for FY2001, and discusses other relevant legislation considered in the 106th Congress.
- Nuclear Nonproliferation Issues
- No Description Available.
- Intelligence and Law Enforcement: Countering Transnational Threats to the U.S.
- This report discusses the different roles of intelligence and law enforcement agencies in countering transnational threats and the difficulties in coordinating their efforts. This report also discusses the desire of some observers to base the intelligence and law enforcement agencies' relationship in statutory law. Updated December 3, 2001.
- Military Medical Care Services: Questions and Answers
- No Description Available.
- Military Medical Care Services: Questions and Answers
- No Description Available.
- Air Force Transformation: Background and Issues for Congress
- Many believe that the Department of Defense (DoD) — including the Air Force — must transform itself to ensure future U.S. military dominance. The Air Force has a transformation plan that includes advanced technologies, concept development, and organizational innovation. Issues for Congress include the efficacy of this plan, its feasibility, and the attendant costs.
- Airborne Electronic Warfare: Issues for the 107th Congress
- This report discusses electronic warfare (EW) as an effective technique for increasing aircraft and aircrew survivability in hostile environments, which in turn improves the overall effectiveness of the air campaign.
- Operation Enduring Freedom: Potential Air Power Questions for Congress
- This report discusses questions Congress may have concerning the effective use of air power during operation Enduring Freedom, including which aircraft are likely to be involved and how they are used.
- Bosnia: U.S. Military Operations
- This report outlines U.S. military operations in Bosnia and discusses issues such as U.S. and Allied Participation in Bosnia Peacekeeping (IFOR/SFOR), duration, cost, arms control and military assistance. This report also includes most recent development, background analysis, and legislation.
- Bosnia: U.S. Military Operations
- This report outlines U.S. military operations in Bosnia and discusses issues such as U.S. and Allied Participation in Bosnia Peacekeeping (IFOR/SFOR), duration, cost, arms control and military assistance. This report also includes most recent development, background analysis, and legislation.
- Kosovo and Macedonia: U.S. and Allied Military Operations
- No Description Available.
- Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR): Background, Process, and Issues
- No Description Available.
- Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR): Background, Process, and Issues
- No Description Available.
- United Nations Peacekeeping: Issues for Congress
- No Description Available.
- Army Transformation and Modernization: Overview and Issues for Congress
- The U.S. Army has begun an ambitious program intended to transform itself into a strategically responsive force dominant in all types of ground operations. As planned, its Objective Force will eventually meld all ongoing initiatives into a force based on a high-tech Future Combat System. This short report briefly describes the program and discusses issues of feasibility, viability, and affordability of potential interest to Congress.
- Special Operations Forces in Operation Enduring Freedom: Background and Issues for Congress
- No Description Available.
- The Economic Effects of Spending on Homeland Security
- One direct result of the terrorist attacks of September 11 is that the cost of domestic security has risen. That increased cost is likely to be in the form of increased outlays on the military, as well as increases in spending for domestic law enforcement, public safety, and private security services. This report briefly discusses the economic effects of this increased cost looks into how security affects GDP.
- Supplemental Appropriations for FY2002: Defense Readiness and Other Programs
- No Description Available.
- Costs of Major U.S. Wars and Recent U.S. Overseas Military Operations
- This report presents the data on the costs of U.S. overseas military operations. Table 1 provides estimated costs of major U.S. conflicts in the 20th century. Table 2 shows the incremental costs to DOD of smaller operations within the past decade.1 Tables 3 and 4 show an annual breakdown of the incremental costs of U.S. peace and security commitments from FY1991 through FY2000, including ongoing and completed operations.
- Northern Ireland: Implementation of The Peace Agreement During the 106th Congress
- No Description Available.
- Appropriations for FY2002: Military Construction
- Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This report is a guide to one of the 13 regular appropriations bills that Congress passes each year. It is designed to supplement the information provided by the House and Senate Defense Appropriations Subcommittees.
- Military Housing Privatization Initiative: Background and Issues
- No Description Available.
- NATO Enlargement
- No Description Available.
- Military Pay and Benefits: Key Questions and Answers
- No Description Available.
- POWs and MIAs: Status and Accounting Issues
- No Description Available.
- POWs and MIAs: Status and Accounting Issues
- No Description Available.
- Congressional Use of Funding Cutoffs Since 1970 Involving U.S. Military Forces and Overseas Deployments
- This report provides background information on major instances, since 1970, when Congress has utilized funding cutoffs to compel the withdrawal of United States military forces from overseas military deployments. It also highlights key efforts by Congress to utilize the War Powers Resolution, since its enactment in 1973, to compel the withdrawal of U.S. military forces from foreign deployments. In this review, legislation expressing the “sense of the Congress” regarding U.S. military deployments is not addressed.
- The War Powers Resolution: After Twenty-Eight Years
- No Description Available.
- War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance
- No Description Available.
- War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance
- No Description Available.
- U.S. Army School of the Americas: Background and Congressional Concerns
- No Description Available.
- National Missile Defense and Alaska
- No Description Available.
- National Missile Defense: Issues for Congress
- No Description Available.
- National Missile Defense: Issues for Congress
- No Description Available.
- China's Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Current Policy Issues
- This report provides a brief background analysis and recent developments regarding China’s Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles. The report includes topics such as: Recent Proliferation Transfers, chemical, nuclear, and missile technology sales to Iran, Pakistan, Libya, Syria, trade controls, nonproliferation and arms control.
- China's Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles: Current Policy Issues
- This report provides a brief background analysis and recent developments regarding China’s Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles. The report includes topics such as: Recent Proliferation Transfers, chemical, nuclear, and missile technology sales to Iran, Pakistan, Libya, Syria, trade controls, nonproliferation and arms control.
- Iraqi Compliance with Cease-Fire Agreements
- No Description Available.
- Suspension of Budget Enforcement Procedures During Hostilities Abroad
- Federal budget policies are enforced by two major statutes—the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 and the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985. The first act establishes the congressional budget process, involving the annual adoption of a budget resolution; the second act establishes discretionary spending limits and a “pay-as-you-go” (PAYGO) requirement, enforced by sequestration.
- Macedonia: Country Background and Recent Conflict
- No Description Available.
- Coast Guard Legislation in the 107th Congress
- In the 107th Congress, the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2001, House-passed H.R. 1699, would authorize the agency’s programs for FY2002. The report contains numerous provisions on Coast Guard operations and activities. H.R. 2481, as reported, includes certain housing and maritime safety provisions; S. 1214, as reported, would establish a seaport security program. P.L. 107-20 (H.R. 2216), the FY2001 emergency supplemental appropriations bill, increased FY2001 Coast Guard funding by $92 million.
- Palestinians and Middle East Peace: Issues for the United States
- The United States began contacts with the PalestineLiberationOrganization (PLO)in December 1988, after the PLO accepted Israel’s right to exist, accepted U.N. Resolutions 242 and 338 that call for an exchange of land for peace, and renounced terrorism. The United States continues its contacts with the PLO and the Palestinian Authority elected in January 1996 and is an active broker in the continuing Middle East peace process.
- Palestinians and Middle East Peace: Issues for the United States
- No Description Available.
- Nuclear Weapons: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
- This report outlines the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and related legislation. The report discusses a comprehensive test ban treaty, which is the oldest item on the nuclear arms control agenda.
- Nuclear Weapons: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
- comprehensive test ban treaty, or CTBT, is the oldest item on the nuclear arms control agenda. Three treaties currently limit testing to underground only, with a maximum force equal to 150,000 tons of TNT. According to the Natural Resources Defense Council, the United States conducted 1,030 nuclear tests, the Soviet Union 715, the United Kingdom 45, France 210, and China 45. Since 1997, the United States has held 13 "subcritical experiments" at the Nevada Test Site to study the behavior of plutonium under pressures generated by explosives. The most recent was held December 14, 2000. Russia has reportedly conducted several such tests since 1998, including several in fall 2000. It claims it has not done other nuclear tests since 1991, though some suspect it may have conducted a low-yield nuclear test in August 1997 and September 1999. The last U.S. test was held in 1992; the last U.K. test, in 1991. In May 1998, India and Pakistan each announced several nuclear tests and declared themselves nuclear weapons states. Each declared a moratorium on further tests, but separately stated, in the summer of 2000, that the time was not right to sign the CTBT.
- Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict
- This report presents an overview of the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict. This is a clash between the principles of territorial integrity and self-determination that is occurring in the Caucasus, creating the longest inter-ethnic dispute in the former Soviet Union. The report includes the background and analysis of history, warfare and peace process in the region. The report discusses the Armenian and Azerbaijani perspective, the role and views of others (Iran, Turkey, Russia), as well as the U.S. policy regarding the conflict.
- Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict
- This report presents an overview of the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict. This is a clash between the principles of territorial integrity and self-determination that is occurring in the Caucasus, creating the longest inter-ethnic dispute in the former Soviet Union. The report includes the background and analysis of history, warfare and peace process in the region. The report discusses the Armenian and Azerbaijani perspective, the role and views of others (Iran, Turkey, Russia), as well as the U.S. policy regarding the conflict.
- The Middle East Peace Talks
- No Description Available.
- The Middle East Peace Talks
- No Description Available.
- Critical Infrastructures: Background and Early Implementation of PDD-63
- The nation's health, wealth, and security rely on the supply and distribution of certain goods and services. The array of physical assets, processes and organizations across which these goods and services move are called critical infrastructures (e.g. electricity, the power plants that generate it, and the electric grid upon which it is distributed or financial capital, the institutions that manage it, and the record- keeping and communications that move it from one institution to another).