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2000-2009
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Congressional Research Service Reports
- Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies (THUD): FY2008 Appropriations
- This report discusses the current legislative status of the appropriations bill, its scope, major issues, funding levels, and related legislative activity. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103207/
- Conservation and the 2007 Farm Bill
- This report introduces some of the issues that are influencing the development of a conservation title. It then reviews major provisions passed by both chambers, followed by some of the alternative conservation proposals that were offered. An appendix compares current law with the conservation provisions, as passed by both chambers, in more detail. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103209/
- Sugar Policy and the 2007 Farm Bill
- This report discusses the sugar policy which is designed to guarantee the price received by sugar crop growers and processors and to operate at “no cost” to the U.S. Treasury. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103210/
- Managing Electronic Waste: An Analysis of State E-Waste Legislation
- This report discusses the e-waste management law that has been enacted by 14 states. The report provides an overview of enacted state legislation. it also discusses issues leading to state action, and common provisions of state e-waste laws. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103212/
- Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2008
- This report discusses the U.S. research and development (R&D) enterprise, and its support for federal R&D activities. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103208/
- Energy Policy Reform and Revitalization Act of 2007, Title VII of H.R. 3221: Summary and Discussion of Oil and Gas Provisions
- This report discusses the energy development reform and energy production from public lands. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103211/
- Smart Grid Provisions in H.R. 6, 110th Congress
- This report provides an overview of Smart Grid, a distribution system that allows for flow of information from a customer's meter in two directions. It discusses both regulatory and technological barriers that have limited the implementation of Smart Grid technology. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103218/
- U.S. Food and Agricultural Imports: Safeguards and Selected Issues
- The report provides background information in the increase of food and agricultural imports and federal oversight responsibilities. It discusses international trade considerations, import refusals by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), administration, and legislative proposals. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103216/
- Climate Change: The EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) Enters Kyoto Compliance
- This report discusses the development in global warming as a global issue. Topics include issues that have arisen regarding the ETS and considerations for cap-and-trade. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103213/
- Africa Command: U.S. Strategic Interests and the Role of the U.S. Military in Africa
- This report provides a broad overview of U.S. strategic interests in Africa and the role of U.S. military efforts on the continent as they pertain to the creation of AFRICOM. Although the command is still in the early stages of its development, a discussion of AFRICOM’s mission, its coordination with other government agencies, and its basing and manpower requirements is included. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc99105/
- Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: FY2008 Appropriations
- This report is a guide to one of the regular appropriations bills that Congress considers each year. It is designed to supplement the information provided by the House and Senate Subcommittees on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies. It summarizes the status of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bill, its scope, major issues, funding levels, and related congressional activity, and is updated as events warrant. The report lists the key CRS staff relevant to the issues covered and related CRS products. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc99107/
- Air Quality: Multi-Pollutant Legislation in the 110th Congress
- This report discusses air pollutants (petroleum, natural gas, and coal), which account for about two-thirds of U.S. electricity generation. These gases include several pollutants that directly pose risks to human health and welfare. The report also discusses the utilities that are subject to an array of environmental regulations. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc99108/
- Global Climate Change: Three Policy Perspectives
- This paper discusses the three different perspectives used to consider issues related to the 1992 U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change and the 1997 Kyoto Agreement. The perspectives are: the technological lens (that environmental problems are the result of misused or inappropriate technologies that can be improved); the economic lens (that environmental problems are the result of inappropriate pricing that can be fixed by representing environmental measures in market costs); and the ecological lens (that environmental problems are the result of disregard for the ecosystem and can be improved with education and "green" initiatives). The report discusses each approach and how it relates to policy creation. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc97968/
- The Strategic Petroleum Reserve: History, Perspectives, and Issues
- This report discusses the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) in the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA, P.L. 94-163), which is intended to help prevent a repetition of the economic dislocation caused by the 1973-1974 Arab oil embargo. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98062/
- Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Review of Fluoridation and Regulation Issues
- This report discusses the potential benefits and adverse effects associated with the fluoridation of drinking water supplies. It also discusses the regulation of fluoride in drinking water to protect against adverse health effects from exposure to higher levels of fluoride, and it reviews the status of federal efforts to update the health risk assessment for fluoride and the drinking water standard for fluoride. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98061/
- The National Environmental Policy Act: Background and Implementation
- This report discusses the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) including its history, its provisions, and the evolution of its implementation; it also provides an overview of how agencies implement NEPA's requirements. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98060/
- Specialty Crops: 2007 Farm Bill Issues
- The report discusses the farm bill policies governing U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs on marketing, which include crop insurance and disaster assistance, protection against pests and diseases, export promotion, and domestic food assistance. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98068/
- Recreation on Federal Lands
- This report discusses recreation in federal lands that covers approximately 653 million acres of federally-owned land in the United States. This preservation/use dichotomy, while varying among agencies, is a focal point for debate over recreation on federal lands. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98069/
- National Park Management
- This report discusses issues in National Park management. These issues include: the centennial initiative, maintenance backlog, wild and scenic rivers, and security. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98066/
- Pipeline Safety and Security: Federal Programs
- This report discusses the United States pipeline networks and their security. The 109th Congress passed the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-468) to improve pipeline safety and security practices, and to reauthorize the federal Office of Pipeline Safety. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98063/
- Superfund Taxes or General Revenues: Future Funding Issues for the Superfund Program
- This report discusses the role of dedicated taxes and other sources of revenue in funding the Hazardous Substance Superfund Trust Fund. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98045/
- Organic Agriculture in the United States: Program and Policy Issues
- This report discusses the law governing U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs whose purpose is to give consumers confidence in the legitimacy of products sold as organic, and permit legal action against those who use the term fraudulently. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98047/
- WTO Dispute Settlement: Status of U.S. Compliance in Pending Cases
- This report provides a summary of the status of U.S. compliance efforts in pending World Trade Organization (WTO) disputes that have resulted in adverse rulings against the United States. The report begins with an overview of WTO dispute settlement procedures, focusing on the compliance phase of the process, followed by a discussion of U.S. laws relating to WTO dispute proceedings. The report then lists pending WTO disputes in the compliance phase, with a brief discussion of major issues and the U.S. compliance history in each. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98049/
- Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons and Missiles: Status and Trends
- This report focuses on the current threat and trends in nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons and missiles. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98043/
- Energy Tax Policy: History and Current Issues
- This report discusses the history, current posture, and outlook for the federal energy tax policy. It also discusses current energy tax proposals and major energy tax provisions enacted in the 109th Congress. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98075/
- Alternative Fuels and Advanced Technology Vehicles: Issues in Congress
- This report provides an overview of current issues surrounding alternative fuels and advanced technology vehicles. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98072/
- Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty: Background and Current Developments
- This report addresses nuclear weapon issues in the annual National Defense Authorization Act and the Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act. Congress is considering the Stockpile Stewardship Program (listed as Weapons Activities), which seeks to maintain nuclear weapons without testing. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98071/
- China-U.S. Trade Issues
- This report provides an overview of U.S.-China economic relations, surveys major trade disputes, and lists major legislation in the 110th that seeks to address these issues. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98070/
- Oil Spills in U.S. Coastal Waters: Background, Governance, and Issues for Congress
- This report focuses on oil spills in U.S. coastal waters. The first section highlights background issues, including oil spill statistics and potential environmental impacts. The second section discusses the legal framework that governs oil spill prevention and response. The third section examines the threat of future oil spills in coastal waters and whether response personnel are prepared to respond to a major spill. The final section highlights recent legislative activity. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98078/
- AIDS in Africa
- This report discusses the AIDS issues in Africa and the Bush administration call to double U.S. international funding for AIDS. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98076/
- Greenhouse Gas Emission Drivers: Population, Economic Development and Growth, and Energy Use
- This report examines the interrelationships of the variables regarding the debate on climate change to explore their implications for policies that address the problem. The three variables underpinning the debates and justified response to the issue are: the magnitude and rates of change of (1) population growth, (2) incomes, and (3) intensity of greenhouse gas emissions relative to economic activities. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98092/
- International Illegal Trade in Wildlife: Threats and U.S. Policy
- This report focuses on the international trade in terrestrial fauna, largely excluding trade in illegal plants, including timber, and fish. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98098/
- Wildfire Funding
- This report briefly describes the three categories of federal programs for wildfire protection: [1] protection of the federal lands managed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (FS), and by the U.S. Department of the Interior, whose wildfire programs are coordinated by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM); [2] assistance for state and local governments and communities in protecting nonfederal lands; [3] support for fire research, fire facilities, and improvements in forest health. The last section of this report discusses the impact of high and rising wildfire costs. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98093/
- Nanotechnology and U.S. Competitiveness: Issues and Options
- This report reviews national nanotechnology research and development (R&D) investments, scientific papers, and patents as indicators of current U.S. scientific and technological competitiveness and potential indicators of future industrial competitiveness in nanotechnology products. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98105/
- Rising Food Prices and Global Food Needs: The U.S. Response
- This report discusses rising food prices that are having impacts across the world, but especially among poor people in the low-income developing countries. The report addresses several issues, such as: Why Are Food Prices Increasing? How Countries Have Responded? Food Aid Funding Shortfalls, and the U.S. Response to Food Aid Funding Shortfalls. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98102/
- Transportation Fuel Taxes: Impacts of a Repeal or Moratorium
- The report includes an introduction regarding the increase in crude oil and refined product prices and discusses the proposals to offset effects of higher crude oil prices and the impact on markets and prices. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98101/
- Emission Allowance Allocation in a Cap-and-Trade Program: Options and Considerations
- The first two sections of this report discuss the primary emission allowance distribution methods: auctions and no-cost distribution to covered sources. These sections examine the potential benefits and concerns of these allocation mechanisms. The final section identifies different options and policy considerations for Congress when determining to whom and for what purpose to distribute the value of the emission allowances. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98107/
- High Agricultural Commodity Prices: What Are the Issues?
- This report examines the causes, consequences, and outlook for prices of the major U.S. program crops, and provides references for more detailed information. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98100/
- Science, Technology, and American Diplomacy: Background and Issues for Congress
- This report provides an overview of current U.S. international S&T policy; describes the role of the Department of State (DOS), the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and other federal agencies; and discusses possible policy options for Congress. It focuses on international science and technology diplomacy, where American leadership in science and technology is used as a diplomatic tool to enhance another country's development and to improve understanding by other nations of U.S. values and ways of doing business. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98108/
- Climate Change: Costs and Benefits of S. 2191/S. 3036
- This report examines six studies that project the costs of S. 2191 (S. 3036) to 2030 or 2050. It considers [1] the response of the economy to the technological challenges; [2] the ability to create a considerable amount of low-carbon generating capacity; [3] offsetts as a possible tool to reduce costs and buy time for the development of more efficient technologies; [4] the role of the Carbon Market Efficiency Board; [5] the effect of the Low Carbon Feul Standard; and [6] how the climate-related benefits function in a global context. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98104/
- Climate Change: Comparison of S. 2191 as Reported (now S. 3036) with Proposed Boxer Amendment
- This report discusses S. 2191 (the Lieberman-Warner CLimate Security Act of 2008), which was reintroduced as S. 3036 with a deficit reduction amendment. In particular, it provides a comparison of five key differences between the bill and the proposed Boxer Amendment. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98109/
- Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E): Background, Status, and Selected Issues for Congress
- This report provides an overview of Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E) design. The report discusses the legislative origins and policy debates prior to ARPA-E authorization and Bush administration response to ARPA-E authorization. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98106/
- Revising the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Lead
- This report provides background on the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), the process used to establish the standards, the factors leading to the reduction in lead emissions, and the proposed changes to the lead standard, as well as information regarding the potential effects of any revision. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98103/
- Environmental Activities of the U.S. Coast Guard
- This report discusses the U.S. Coast Guard's (USCG's) environmental activities, which focus on the prevention of oil spills and pollution. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98125/
- Agricultural Credit: Farm Bill Issues
- This report discusses agricultural credit, which makes or guarantees loans to farmers who cannot qualify at other lenders, and the Farm Credit System (FCS), which is a network of borrower-owned lending institutions operating as a government-sponsored enterprise. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98122/
- Perchlorate Contamination of Drinking Water: Regulatory Issues and Legislative Actions
- This report reviews perchlorate water contamination issues and developments. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98121/
- What Is the “Farm Bill”?
- This report provides definition of the farm bill (P.L. 110-246, Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008) and information surrounding the bill. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98124/
- Humane Treatment of Farm Animals: Overview and Issues
- This report provides an overview of the debate and legislation to modify or curtail some practices regarding animal care on the farm, during transport, or at slaughter. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98123/
- Clean Air Issues in the 110th Congress: Climate Change, Air Quality Standards, and Oversight
- This report provides a brief overview of the climate change issue as well as other Clean Air Act issues of interest in the 110th Congress. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98085/
- Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)
- This report discusses carbon capture and sequestration (CSS), but not other types of carbon sequestration activities whereby CO2 is removed from the atmosphere and stored in vegetation, soils, or oceans. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98087/