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A "Managed Trade" Policy Toward Japan?

This report examines: (1) the definition(s) of managed trade, (2) the underlying economic arguments for and against such policies, (3) past U.S. experiences with managed trade, (4) perceptions that Japan is somehow "different" from other trading nations and warrants a distinctive approach to resolving trade disputes, (5) the implications of the Administration's current results oriented approach to U.S.-Japan trade issues, and (6) alternative proposals offered in Congress to resolve trade disput… more

Date: June 14, 1994

Creator: Morrison, Wayne M.; Cooper, William H. & Nanto, Dick K.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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U.S.-Japan Trade Confrontation: Economic Perspective and Policy

The United States and Japan are at odds over economic policy, particularly trade policy. There is a wide perception in the United States that Japanese trade restrictions contribute to the U.S. trade deficit and cost the United States high-wage jobs.

Date: June 23, 1994

Creator: Elwell, Craig K. & Reifman, Alfred

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Japan's Keiretsu: Industrial Groups as Trade Barriers

A prominent feature of Japan's capitalism consists of families of companies called keiretsu that are linked by crossholdings of stock shares, intra-group financing, and certain coordinating mechanisms. Two types of keiretsu exist: large horizontally organized industrial conglomerates, such as Mitsubishi, Mitsui, and Sumitomo, and vertically integrated manufacturers, such as Toyota, Nippon Steel, and Matsushita Electric. They have become a contentious issue in U.S. trade negotiations with Japan … more

Date: January 30, 1994

Creator: Nanto, Dick K.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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China: Current U.S. Sanctions

In the months following China,s 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown, both the President and the Congress took a number of initiatives protesting Beijing's actions. These initiatives centered around U.S. concerns related to trade, human rights, and non-proliferation. In intervening years, the United States has periodically imposed, lifted, or waived other sanctions and concluded several trade- related agreements with China relating to these concerns. Those measures that remain in place in 1994 are… more

Date: February 8, 1994

Creator: Dumbaugh, Kerry

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Current U.S. Sanctions Against China

In the months following China's 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown, both the President and the Congress took a number of initiatives protesting Beijing's actions. These initiatives centered around U.S. concerns related to trade, human rights, and non-proliferation. In intervening years, the United States has periodically imposed, lifted, or waived other sanctions and concluded several trade-related agreements with China relating to these concerns. Those measures that remain in place in 1994 are de… more

Date: August 15, 1994

Creator: Dumbaugh, Kerry

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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The China-U.S. Trade Agreement on Intellectual Property Rights: Implications for China-U.S. Trade Relations

The United States has pressed China over the past several years to improve its enforcement of U.S. intellectual property rights (IPR) in China and to provide greater market access to intellectual property-related products, such as computer software, CDs, and audio-visual products. Trade tensions over these issues nearly led the United States to impose trade sanctions against China in 1992 and 1995. In March 1995, the United States and China signed a new and detailed IPR trade agreement, which p… more

Date: April 5, 1995

Creator: Morrison, Wayne M.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Japan's Response to U.S. Trade Pressures: End of an Era?

Over the past 30 years, U.S. trade negotiators have pressured Japan to open its market to foreign goods and services. These outside pressures, known as gaiatsu in Japan, have been based partly on economically coercive bargaining and partly on invitation. The coercive element, which has entailed threats of retaliatory market constriction should a satisfactory resolution of the market opening dispute not be forthcoming, generally has been a necessary ingredient in obtaining concessions from Japan… more

Date: June 12, 1995

Creator: Ahearn, Raymond J.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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China's Sinister View of U.S. Policy: Origins, Implications and Options

Chinese officials and opinion leaders claim that recent U.S. actions contrary to the interests of the People's Republic of China (PRC) have convinced the Beijing regime that the U.S. Government is determined to do what it can to weaken and hold back China's growing power. Dismissing evidence of often fractious debate over China policy in the United States, Beijing leaders are said to see a consensus among policymakers in the The United States that is directed at working against China's emerging… more

Date: June 26, 1995

Creator: Sutter, Robert G.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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The Federal Reserve's Arrangement for Emergency Loans to Japanese Banks

The U.S. Federal Reserve reportedly has an arrangement with the Bank of Japan to provide emergency loans to Japanese banks operating overseas in exchange for U.S. Treasury securities. The collateralized loans would be extended on short notice for banks facing emergency liquidity needs. The purpose of the arrangement is to forestall the possible sale by Japanese banks of large amounts of U.S. Government securities (thereby raising U.S. interest rates) and to boost confidence in Japan's financi… more

Date: December 27, 1995

Creator: Nanto, Dick K.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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China: U.S. Economic Sanctions

This report presents a history of U.S. economic sanctions imposed against the People's Republic of China for foreign policy reasons since 1949. It highlights sanctions that are currently active and details occasions on which those restrictions have been modified, waived or permanently lifted. The report provides citations for Presidential authority in current law and the Administration's issuance of regulations and administrative orders.

Date: October 1, 1997

Creator: Rennack, Dianne E.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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China, Congress, and Sanctions - Findings of a Workshop-Seminar

The People's Republic of China (PRC)'s provocative use of military force in the Taiwan Strait has appeared to subside, but not before convincing many in the Congress that the PRC regime continues to flout international norms sensitive to the United States. In addition to challenging stability in the Taiwan Strait, the PRC is seen recently to undermine important U.S. interests regarding nuclear proliferation, intellectual property rights, and missile proliferation. As a result, many in the Congr… more

Date: April 17, 1996

Creator: Sutter, Robert G. & Rennack, Dianne E.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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The China-U.S. Intellectual Property Rights Dispute: Background and Implications for China-U.S. Economic Relations

The United States has pressed China over the past several years to improve its protection of U.S. intellectual property rights (IPR) and to afford greater market access to intellectual property-related products, such as computer software, compact disks (CDs), and audio-visual products. U.S. threats of trade sanctions against Chinese products helped produce trade agreements in January 1992 and February 1995 that pledged China to improve its IPR enforcement regime and expand market access for IPR… more

Date: May 24, 1996

Creator: Morrison, Wayne M.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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China-U.S.-Taiwan Economic Relations

Recent political and military tensions between China and Taiwan have focused new attention on U.S. economic interests in the region. The volume of trade and investment between the United States and Taiwan and China has soared during the last 10 years. This trend has helped forge closer ties between the United States and the two economies, but has also been the source of friction. U.S. economic relations with China and Taiwan are likely to be of concern to Congress during the annual debate over … more

Date: June 11, 1996

Creator: Morrison, Wayne M.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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APEC and the 1997 Summit in Vancouver

This report discusses the November 25, 1997 summit held by leaders of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) in Vancouver, B.C., Canada. The purpose of the summit was to further pursue the APEC agenda of endorsing a framework developed by APEC leaders' finance ministers to promote financial stability in the Asia-Pacific region and to supplement resources by the International Monetary Fund when necessary.

Date: December 8, 1997

Creator: Nanto, Dick K.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department