Congressional Research Service Reports - 176 Matching Results

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Affirmative Action: Justice O'Connor's Opinions

Description: An examination of Justice O’Connor’s opinions reveals a gradual shift in perspective regarding the legal and constitutional standards to be applied in evaluating governmental affirmative action efforts, and the manner of their application in various legal and factual settings. This report briefly surveys decisions of retiring Justice Sandra Day O’Connor in affirmative action cases, an area where her opinions have frequently determined the outcome.
Date: July 19, 2005
Creator: Dale, Charles V.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Assistance to Afghan and Iraqi Women: Issues for Congress

Description: This report reviews the U.S.-sponsored funding and programs directed toward women and children in Afghanistan and Iraq. The national and international response to the plight of Afghan and Iraqi women, even to their most recent experience under the Taliban in Afghanistan or Baathist regime in Iraq, will impact their future role and the long-term developments in each country, such as the implementation of a new constitution, the incorporation of women in local and national governance, the role of… more
Date: June 18, 2004
Creator: Armanios, Febe & Margesson, Rhoda
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Women in the United States Congress

Description: This report identifies women who have served as U.S. Senators or Representatives. It notes their party affiliation, the States they have represented, the dates of their appointment or election, the length of their service, their committee assignments, and their service in committee chairmanships.
Date: April 24, 1985
Creator: Amer, Mildred L.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Equal Rights Amendment (Proposed)

Description: The proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was first introduced in 1923, and was passed by the Congress in 1972. In 1978, Congress extended the original deadline for ratification of the ERA. Thus, if it receives approval in the form of ratification by 38 States before June 30, 1982, the measure will become the 27th Amendment to the Constitution, and will require equal treatment under Federal and State laws and practices for all persons, regardless of sex.
Date: July 8, 1982
Creator: Gladstone, Leslie W.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Sex Discrimination in Education: Title IX

Description: "In response to numerous requests for information on sex discrimination in educational programs and activities, we have compiled this collection of materials" (p. 1).
Date: May 10, 1983
Creator: Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Women in the Armed Forces

Description: Women have become an integral part of the armed forces, but they are excluded from most combat jobs. Several issues remain. One is whether to reduce, maintain, or expand the number of women in the services as the total forces are being reduced. A second question is to what extent women should continue to be excluded from some combat positions by policy. Would national security be jeopardized or enhanced by increasing reliance on women in the armed forces? Should women have equal opportunities a… more
Date: November 20, 1991
Creator: Collier, Ellen C.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Women in the Armed Forces

Description: Women have become an integral part of the armed forces, but they are excluded from most combat jobs. Several issues remain. One is whether to reduce, maintain, or expand the number of women in the services as the total forces are being reduced. A second question is to what extent women should continue to be excluded from some combat positions by policy. Would national security be jeopardized or enhanced by increasing reliance on women in the armed forces? Should women have equal opportunities a… more
Date: September 29, 1998
Creator: Burrelli, David F.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment

Description: This CRS Report provides a brief legislative history of the proposed Equal Rights Amendment and a description of its current status. The report also contains pro and con analyses of the possible effects of ERA, were it to be ratified, and a discussion of questions raised by the action of Congress in extending the deadline for ratification and by the action of States that have voted to rescind their approval of the measure. This report is based in part on an earlier CRS report by Morrigene… more
Date: March 25, 1982
Creator: Gladstone, Leslie W.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Women in Iraq: Background and Issues for U.S. Policy

Description: The issue of women’s rights in Iraq has taken on new relevance, following the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, efforts to reconstruct Iraq, and recent elections for a Transitional National Assembly (TNA). Over the past three years, the Bush Administration has reiterated its interest in ensuring that Iraqi women participate in politics and ongoing reconstruction efforts in Iraq. There has also been a widening debate regarding the extent to which the U.S.-led reconstruction efforts have been ab… more
Date: March 13, 2006
Creator: Pina, Aaron D.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Women in Iraq: Background and Issues for U.S. Policy

Description: The issue of women’s rights in Iraq has taken on new relevance, following the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, efforts to reconstruct Iraq, and recent elections for a Transitional National Assembly (TNA). Over the past three years, the Bush Administration has reiterated its interest in ensuring that Iraqi women participate in politics and ongoing reconstruction efforts in Iraq. There has also been a widening debate regarding the extent to which the U.S.-led reconstruction efforts have been ab… more
Date: May 5, 2004
Creator: Armanios, Febe
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Women in the Armed Forces

Description: Women have become an integral part of the armed forces, but several issues remain. One is whether to reduce, maintain, or expand the number of women in the services as the total forces are being reduced. A second question is to what extent women should continue to be excluded from some combat positions by policy. A third question is whether or not women should be included if the draft is reinstated? Would national security be jeopardized or enhanced by increasing reliance on women in the armed … more
Date: August 31, 1982
Creator: Collier, Ellen C.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Women in the United States Congress

Description: This report identifies women who have served as Senators or as Members of the House of Representatives. It notes their party affiliation, the States they have represented, the dates of their appointment or election, the length of their service, their committee assignments, and their service in committee chairmanships.
Date: July 13, 1983
Creator: Schwemle, Barbara L.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Pay Equity Legislation in the 109th Congress

Description: This report discusses the gender wage gap and the efforts to close the gap through acts, such as Equal Pay Act (EPA), and the work to strengthen anti-discrimination laws and add additional measures to ensure gender equality in the work force. The report discusses the opposition who believes the gap will close on its own as women continue to work their way up in the workforce.
Date: May 11, 2005
Creator: Dale, Charles V. & Levine, Linda
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Civil Rights Legislation: Responses to Grove City College v. Bell

Description: This report discusses how broad should the coverage of Federal civil rights laws be? This was the central issue in the debate over legislation introduced in response to the February 1984 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Grove City College v. Bell.
Date: May 27, 1988
Creator: Lyke, Robert F.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Federal Elementary and Secondary Education Programs: Reauthorization Issues

Description: This report discusses the reauthorization of most Federal elementary and secondary education programs, which the 100th Congress is currently considering, as well as the creation of several new programs. Issues have included: (1) Federal versus ~tate/local priorities in the use of funds; (2) use of formula grants or competitive grants to allocate funds; (3) services for eligible nonpublic school children; (4) relationship between Federal programs and State-level school reform activities; and (5)… more
Date: May 13, 1988
Creator: Riddle, Wayne C.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Minority Contracting and Affirmative Action for Disadvantaged Small Businesses: Legal Issues

Description: This report discusses the minority participation “goals” that have been an integral part of federal policies to promote racial and gender equality in contracting on federally financed construction projects and in connection with other large federal contracts.
Date: February 24, 2006
Creator: Dale, Charles V.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Parental Leave: Legislation in the 100th Congress

Description: The report discusses the argument for why America should set a standard long-term maternity leave and temporary medical disability leave. Then the opposition to this position discusses why maternity leave and medical disability leave should be decided by the employer, not the Federal government.
Date: October 1, 1987
Creator: Gladstone, Leslie W.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Pay Compatibility for Federal White-Collar Workers

Description: This report reviews the Congress's decision to freeze federal pay for one year as part of the budget resolution for the year, 1986. It discusses the standards to determine the Federal pay rate and the levels of pay that are set in place in the Federal government.
Date: August 7, 1985
Creator: Schwemle, Barbara L.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Pay Equity - The Comparable Worth Issue: Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value; By What Standards and By What Means?

Description: This report discusses the term comparable worth issue, a "theory that jobs dominated by women may be valued less not because of skills required or job content, but because they are "women's jobs (page 1)." The report analyzes historical events and lawsuits that relate to the issue of comparable worth in the workforce.
Date: April 20, 1983
Creator: Ahmuty, Alice L
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Teenage Sexual Activity and Childbearing: An Analysis of the Relationships of Behavior to Family and Personal Background

Description: "This report uses the National Survey of Family Growth to examine the effects of a variety of social and economic factors on the likelihood that a teenage girl will be sexually active, will use contraceptives, and will bear a child...The report examines the differences in factors associated with these different behaviors for white and black as well as younger and older teens." (from Abstract)
Date: July 9, 1987
Creator: Griffith, Jeanne E.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Kuwait: Security, Reform, and U.S. Policy

Description: Kuwaiti leaders peacefully resolved a succession crisis that erupted following the January 15, 2006 death of its long-ruling Amir. However, a new crisis erupted in May 2006 over the structure of the next parliamentary elections, prompting a dissolution of the existing parliament and scheduling of new elections for June 29, 2006. Women will be able to run and to vote.
Date: May 24, 2006
Creator: Katzman, Kenneth
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Nonmarital Childbearing: Trends, Reasons, and Public Policy Interventions

Description: This report analyzes the trends in nonmarital childbearing, discusses some of the characteristics of unwed mothers, addresses some issues involving the fathers of children born outside of marriage, covers many of the reasons for nonmarital childbearing, examines the impact of nonmarital births on families and on the nation, and presents the public policy interventions that have been used to prevent nonmarital births or ameliorate some of the negative financial consequences that are sometimes as… more
Date: November 20, 2008
Creator: Solomon-Fears, Carmen
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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