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Congressional Research Service Reports
- Regional Free Trade Partners and U.S. Interests: What's Next?
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs264/
- Trade and the Americas
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3521/
- Trade and the Americas
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3520/
- Trade and the Americas
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3515/
- Trade and the Americas
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3517/
- Trade and the Americas
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3518/
- Trade and the Americas
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3519/
- Trade and the Americas
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3516/
- Trade and the Americas
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5555/
- Trade and the Americas
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5552/
- Trade and the Americas
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5557/
- Trade and the Americas
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5554/
- Trade and the Americas
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5556/
- Trade and the Americas
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5553/
- China's Currency: Economic Issues and Options for U.S. Trade Policy
- This report starts out by describing China's policy of pegging its currency to the U.S. dollar at an exchange rate of roughly 8.28 yuan to the dollar. As a result, the exchange rate between the yuan and the dollar basically stayed the same. The report discusses most significant events concerning China's currency policy and its impact on U.S. trade deficit. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc93977/
- The Jackson-Vanik Amendment and Candidate Countries for WTO Accession: Issues for Congress
- This report gives an analysis of the unconditional most-favored-nation (MFN) status, or in U.S. statutory parlance, normal trade relations (NTR) status, which is a fundamental principle of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This conflicts with the U.S. laws under Title IV of the Trade Act of 1974 that limits trade status with several nations undergoing accession into the WTO. On June 12, 2012, Sen. Max Baucus introduced a bill with bipartisan co-sponsorship to authorize PNTR for Russia. The report includes information about MFN status and the WTO, the Jackson-Vanik Amendment restricting trade, the case of China, and prospective WTO accessions. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98127/
- The Jackson-Vanik Amendment and Candidate Countries for WTO Accession: Issues for Congress
- This report gives an analysis of the unconditional most-favored-nation (MFN) status, or in U.S. statutory parlance, normal trade relations (NTR) status, which is a fundamental principle of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This conflicts with the U.S. laws under Title IV of the Trade Act of 1974 that limits trade status with several nations undergoing accession into the WTO. On June 12, 2012, Sen. Max Baucus introduced a bill with bipartisan co-sponsorship to authorize PNTR for Russia. The report includes information about MFN status and the WTO, the Jackson-Vanik Amendment restricting trade, the case of China, and prospective WTO accessions. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98126/
- The Jackson-Vanik Amendment and Candidate Countries for WTO Accession: Issues for Congress
- This report gives an analysis of the unconditional most-favored-nation (MFN) status, or in U.S. statutory parlance, normal trade relations (NTR) status, which is a fundamental principle of the World Trade Organization (WTO). This conflicts with the U.S. laws under Title IV of the Trade Act of 1974 that limits trade status with several nations undergoing accession into the WTO. On June 12, 2012, Sen. Max Baucus introduced a bill with bipartisan co-sponsorship to authorize PNTR for Russia. The report includes information about MFN status and the WTO, the Jackson-Vanik Amendment restricting trade, the case of China, and prospective WTO accessions. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc87384/
- Why Certain Trade Agreements Are Approved as Congressional-Executive Agreements Rather Than as Treaties
- U.S. trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), World Trade Organization agreements, and bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) have been approved by majority vote of each house rather than by two-thirds vote of the Senate - that is, they have been treated as congressional-executive agreements rather than as treaties. The congressional-executive agreement has been the vehicle for implementing Congress's long-standing policy of seeking trade benefits for the United States through reciprocal trade negotiations. This report discusses this topic in brief. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc29527/
- Why Certain Trade Agreements Are Approved as Congressional-Executive Agreements Rather Than as Treaties
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6074/
- JETRO and International Trade Promotion by Japan
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs162/
- Is Globalization the Force Behind Recent Poor U.S. Wage Performance?: An Analysis
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1992/
- Why Certain Trade Agreements Are Approved as Congressional-Executive Agreements Rather Than as Treaties
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1991/
- Trade Legislation in the 106th Congress: An Overview
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1335/
- Trade Legislation in the 106th Congress: An Overview
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2004/
- A Free Trade Area of the Americas: Major Policy Issues and Status of Negotiations
- In 1994, 34 Western Hemisphere nations met at the first Summit of the Americas, envisioning a plan for completing a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) by January 1, 2005. Nine years later, the third draft text of the agreement was presented at the November 2003 Miami trade ministerial. The Ministerial Declaration, negotiated largely by the two co-chairs, Brazil and the United States, took the FTAA in a new direction, away from the comprehensive, single undertaking principle, toward a two-tier framework comprising a set of “common rights and obligations” for all countries, augmented by voluntary plurilateral arrangements with country benefits related to commitments. A follow-up meeting in early 2004 in Puebla, Mexico was unable to clarify this concept, highlighting the deep differences that remained between the United States and Brazil. FTAA talks subsequently stalled and the original January 1, 2005 deadline was missed. In the meantime, both Brazil and the United States are pursuing subregional trade pacts that may further complicate the negotiation process. Talks between Brazil and the United States may resume in early 2005, but it is still unclear if significant progress can be made on the FTAA this year. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6806/
- A Free Trade Area of the Americas: Major Policy Issues and Status of Negotiations
- In 1994, 34 Western Hemisphere nations met at the first Summit of the Americas, envisioning a plan for completing a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) by January 1, 2005. Nine years later, the third draft text of the agreement was presented at the November 2003 Miami trade ministerial. The Ministerial Declaration, negotiated largely by the two co-chairs, Brazil and the United States, took the FTAA in a new direction, away from the comprehensive, single undertaking principle, toward a two-tier framework comprising a set of “common rights and obligations” for all countries, augmented by voluntary plurilateral arrangements with country benefits related to commitments. A follow-up meeting in early 2004 in Puebla, Mexico was unable to clarify this concept, highlighting the deep differences that remained between the United States and Brazil. FTAA talks subsequently stalled and the original January 1, 2005 deadline was missed. In the meantime, both Brazil and the United States are pursuing subregional trade pacts that may further complicate the negotiation process. Talks between Brazil and the United States may resume in early 2005, but it is still unclear if significant progress can be made on the FTAA this year. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6322/
- A Free Trade Area of the Americas: Status of Negotiations and Major Policy Issues
- In 1994, 34 Western Hemisphere nations met at the first Summit of the Americas, envisioning a plan for a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) by January 2005. Nine years later, the third draft text of the agreement was presented at the Miami trade ministerial held November 20-21, 2003. Deep differences remain unresolved, however, and, as reflected in the Ministerial Declaration, have taken the FTAA in a new direction. It calls for a two-tier framework comprising a set of “common rights and obligations” for all countries, augmented by voluntary plurilateral arrangements with country benefits related to commitments. A follow-up meeting in Puebla, Mexico was unable to clarify the details of this arrangement and negotiations will continue in late April 2004, when it is hoped that specific commitments will be defined. This report provides background and analysis for Congress on the proposed FTAA and will be updated. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6740/
- A Free Trade Area of the Americas: Status of Negotiations and Major Policy Issues
- At the second Summit of the Americas in Santiago, Chile (April 1998), 34 Western Hemisphere nations agreed to initiate formal negotiations to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) by 2005. The negotiating groups completed a draft agreement in January 2001, which was presented at the third Summit of the Americas held in Quebec City on April 20-22, 2001. President Bush expressed strong support for the FTAA and concrete progress has been made in moving it forward. Yet, differences in priorities among the countries are becoming increasingly evident, suggesting that the FTAA faces many policy hurdles in both the U.S. Congress and the hemisphere. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2029/
- Why Certain Trade Agreements Are Approved as Congressional-Executive Agreements Rather Than as Treaties
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3507/
- Why Certain Trade Agreements Are Approved as Congressional-Executive Agreements Rather Than as Treaties
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3509/
- Industry Trade Effects Related to NAFTA
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3546/
- Trade Legislation in the 107th Congress: An Overview
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3543/
- A Free Trade Area of the Americas: Status of Negotiations and Major Policy Issues
- At the second Summit of the Americas in Santiago, Chile (April 1998), 34 Western Hemisphere nations agreed to initiate formal negotiations to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) by 2005. The process so far has led to two draft texts, the second completed for the November 1, 2002 trade ministerial in Quito, Ecuador. A year later, the third draft is expected at the eighth trade ministerial scheduled for November 17-21, 2003 in Miami. Although implementing legislation is not anticipated until the next Congress, for an FTAA to be signed in January 2005, the 108th Congress will play a crucial role during this last phase of the negotiations given its expanded consultative and oversight authority as defined in the Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) provisions of the Trade Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-210). This report will be updated periodically. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5597/
- Industry Trade Effects Related to NAFTA
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5580/
- Status of Trade Legislation in the 107th Congress
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3575/
- Status of Trade Legislation in the 107th Congress
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3572/
- Status of Trade Legislation in the 107th Congress
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3574/
- Status of Trade Legislation in the 107th Congress
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3573/
- A Free Trade Area of the Americas: Status of Negotiations and Major Policy Issues
- At the second Summit of the Americas in Santiago, Chile (April 1998), 34 Western Hemisphere nations agreed to initiate formal negotiations to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) by 2005. The negotiating groups completed a draft agreement in January 2001, which was presented at the third Summit of the Americas held in Quebec City on April 20-22, 2001. President Bush expressed strong support for the FTAA and concrete progress has been made in moving it forward. Yet, differences in priorities among the negotiating countries are still evident, suggesting that the FTAA faces many policy hurdles in both the U.S. Congress and the hemisphere. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3566/
- Why Certain Trade Agreements Are Approved as Congressional-Executive Agreements Rather Than as Treaties
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3510/
- Why Certain Trade Agreements Are Approved as Congressional-Executive Agreements Rather Than as Treaties
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5545/
- A Free Trade Area of the Americas: Status of Negotiations and Major Policy Issues
- At the second Summit of the Americas in Santiago, Chile (April 1998), 34 Western Hemisphere nations agreed to initiate formal negotiations to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) by 2005. The process so far has led to two draft texts, with a third draft expected to be completed for the eighth trade ministerial scheduled for November 17-21, 2003 in Miami. Currently there are serious differences between Brazil and the United States, the co-chairs of the trade negotiating committee, which will need to be resolved by then. Although implementing legislation is not anticipated until the next Congress, for an FTAA to be signed in January 2005, the 108th Congress will play a crucial role during this last phase of the negotiations given its expanded consultative and oversight authority as defined in the Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) provisions of the Trade Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-210). This report will be updated periodically. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5598/
- A Free Trade Area of the Americas: Status of Negotiations and Major Policy Issues
- At the second Summit of theAmericas in Santiago,Chile (April 1998), 34 Western Hemisphere nations agreed to initiate formal negotiations to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) by 2005. The process so far has led to two draft texts, with a third draft expected to be completed for the eighth trade ministerial scheduled for November 17-21, 2003 in Miami. Currently there are serious differences between Brazil and the United States, the co-chairs of the trade negotiating committee, which will need to be resolved by then. Although implementing legislation is not anticipated until the next Congress, for an FTAA to be signed in January 2005, the 108th Congress will play a crucial role during this last phase of the negotiations given its expanded consultative and oversight authority as defined in the Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) provisions of the Trade Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-210). This report will be updated periodically. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5599/
- A Free Trade Area of the Americas: Status of Negotiations and Major Policy Issues
- At the second Summit of the Americas in Santiago, Chile (April 1998), 34 Western Hemisphere nations agreed to initiate formal negotiations to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) by 2005. The process so far has led to two draft texts, the second completed for the November 1, 2002 trade ministerial in Quito, Ecuador. The many sections of “bracketed” text indicate that there are still significant differences to be worked out. Although implementing legislation is not anticipated until the next Congress at the earliest, for an FTAA agreement to be signed in January 2005, the 108th Congress, having an expanded oversight authority as defined in the Trade Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-210), will play a crucial role during this last phase of the FTAA negotiations. This report will be updated periodically. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5596/
- A Free Trade Area of the Americas: Status of Negotiations and Major Policy Issues
- In 1994, 34 Western Hemisphere nations met at the first Summit of the Americas, envisioning a plan to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) by January 2005. Nine years later, the third draft text of an agreement is being readied for the eighth trade ministerial scheduled for November 17-21, 2003 in Miami. However, serious differences between Brazil and the United States, similar to those that led to the collapse of the September 2003 WTO talks in Cancún, Mexico, invite a cautious assessment. The Miami ministerial may determine if the FTAA negotiations proceed on time and with the goal of achieving a comprehensive agreement, as first conceived. The 108th Congress has followed developments closely as it exercises its expanded consultative and oversight role per the Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) provisions of the Trade Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-210). This report will be updated periodically. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5601/
- A Free Trade Area of the Americas: Status of Negotiations and Major Policy Issues
- In 1994, 34 Western Hemisphere nations met at the first Summit of the Americas, envisioning a plan to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) by January 2005. Nine years later, the third draft text of an agreement is being readied for the eighth trade ministerial scheduled for November 17-21, 2003 in Miami. However, serious differences between Brazil and the United States, similar to those that led to the collapse of the September 2003 WTO talks in Cancún, Mexico, invite a cautious assessment. The Miami ministerial may determine if the FTAA negotiations proceed on time and with the goal of achieving a comprehensive agreement, as first conceived. The 108th Congress will likely follow developments closely as it exercises its expanded consultative and oversight role per the Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) provisions of the Trade Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-210). This report will be updated periodically. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5600/
- NAFTA: Economic Effects on the United States After Three Years
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs496/
- Europe's Preferential Trade Agreements: Status, Content, and Implications
- This report explores intersecting issues regarding Europe's preferential trade agreements (PTA) in three parts. The first section discusses the status and primary motivations of the EU's PTAs currently in place or under negotiation. The second compares the content and trade coverage of Europe's PTAs to U.S. PTAs. A third section assesses the implications of the EU's PTA program for the multilateral trading system and U.S. trade policy. A concluding section evaluates future directions for Europe's PTA policy. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103086/
- Trade Promotion Authority and the U.S.-South Korea Free Trade Agreement
- This report looks at the effects of the Korean Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) on side agreements via the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103115/