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Congressional Research Service Reports
- The Vice Presidency: Evolution of the Modern Office, 1933-2001
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1909/
- Presidential Travel: Policy and Costs
- This report discusses the issues regarding the President, Vice President, and First Lady travels, official and political, or unofficial. Whether a trip is for official or political purposes, the Air Force pays all operational and other costs incurred by the use of the aircraft. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc86667/
- Presidential Vetoes, 1789-Present: A Summary Overview
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1284/
- Presidential Vetoes, 1789-Present: A Summary Overview
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5246/
- The Intersection Between the Former Presidents Act and the Impeachment Process
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7704/
- President Clinton's Vetoes
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1283/
- The Pocket Veto: Its Current Status
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1910/
- The Presidential Inauguration of 2005: Basic Facts and Information on Inaugural Festivities
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8010/
- The Electoral College: Reform Proposals in the 108th Congress
- American voters elect the President and Vice President of the United States under a complex arrangement of constitutional provisions, federal and state laws, and political party practices known as the electoral college system. Despite occasional close elections, this system has delivered uncontested results in 46 of 50 elections since adoption of the 12th Amendment, effective in 1804. Throughout this period, nevertheless, it has been the subject of persistent criticism and many reform proposals. Related measures fall into two basic categories: those that would eliminate the electoral college and substitute direct popular election of the President and Vice President, and those that would retain the existing system in some form and correct perceived defects. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9300/
- Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3333/
- Former Presidents: Federal Pension and Retirement Benefits
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5200/
- Electoral Votes by State: Changes Resulting from the 1980 Census
- This report presents a chart and a U.S. map describing the electoral votes by state and the changes resulted from the 1980 census. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8600/
- Proposals to Reform Our Presidential Electoral System: A Survey of the Historical Background and Development of the Electoral College, and a Compilation of Proposals to Reform It, With Pro and Con Analyses
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8166/
- Former Presidents: Pensions, Facilities, and Services
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8872/
- Recess Appointments: A Legal Overview
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7297/
- A Presidential Item Veto
- During a news conference on November 4, 2004, President George W. Bush stated that he “would like to see the President have a line-item veto again, one that passed constitutional muster. I think it would help the executive branch work with the legislative branch to make sure that we’re able to maintain budget discipline.” The Supreme Court struck down an earlier version of item-veto authority (the Line Item Veto Act of 1996) in Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417 (1998), but several statutory alternatives are available. Options to the Line Item Veto Act have been proposed over the years, including an amendment to the Constitution to grant the President item-veto authority. The line-item veto is listed among several budget reform proposals included in the FY2005 budget, but a more specific recommendation is expected to be developed by the Administration and submitted to Congress at the start of the 109th Congress. This report analyzes the statutory and constitutional alternatives that are likely to be considered and will be updated as necessary. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7400/
- Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7582/
- The President's State of the Union Message: Frequently Asked Questions
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5249/
- 9/11 Commission Recommendations: The Senate Confirmation Process for Presidential Nominees
- On July 22, 2004, the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, known as the 9/11 Commission, issued its final report, detailing the events up to and including the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks upon the United States. The 9/11 Commission recommended that the Senate adopt rules requiring hearings and votes to confirm or reject national security nominees within 30 days of their submission at the start of each new presidential administration. Implementing the commission's proposal would involve imposing new restrictions on both the power of committee chairs to control the agenda of their committees and the rights of Senators to delay or block nominations through holds and extended debate. This report discusses in detail this proposal, how it could be implemented, and the potential effects of its implementation. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10108/
- Recess Appointments: A Legal Overview
- This report provides an overview of the Recess Appointments Clause, exploring its historical application and legal interpretation by the executive branch, the courts, and the Comptroller General. Furthermore, congressional legislation designed to prevent the President's overuse or misuse of the Clause is also explored. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc40201/
- The President's State of the Union Address: Tradition, Function, and Policy Implications
- This report explores the President's State of the Union Address, in which the President reports to Congress on the current conditions of the United States and provides policy proposals for the upcoming legislative year. This report also discusses the State of the Union's considerable evolution over time. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc31328/
- Cloture Attempts on Nominations
- Cloture is the only means by which the Senate can vote to limit debate on a matter, and thereby overcome a possible filibuster. It would be erroneous, however, to assume that cases in which cloture is sought are the same as those in which a filibuster occurs. Cloture may be sought when no filibuster is taking place, and filibusters may occur without cloture being sought. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6157/
- President Bush's 2002 State Visits in Asia: Implications
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3331/
- Social Security: Report of the President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7002/
- Presidential Directives: Background and Overview
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5247/
- Contemporary Developments in Presidential Elections
- This report considers contemporary developments in presidential elections. It emphasizes three topics chosen for their recurring importance and notable recent developments: (1) nominating procedures; (2) campaign finance; and (3) the electoral college. The report highlights significant developments in these areas, particularly for the 2008 and 2012 elections. It also provides background information about the presidential election process in general. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84016/
- Cloture Attempts on Nominations
- This report discusses topics regarding cloture as a means to limit debate and overcome a possible filibuster. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103181/
- Regular Vetoes and Pocket Vetoes: An Overview
- This report provides an overview of the President's veto power, including regular vetoes and pocket vetoes. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc29741/
- Presidential Claims of Executive Privilege: History, Law, Practice, and Recent Developments
- This report discusses the background of claims of executive privilege, ending with a look into how President Obama has used them. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc122238/
- The U.S. Secret Service: An Examination and Analysis of Its Evolving Missions
- The U.S. Secret Service has two missions: criminal investigations and protection. This report looks at the history of the organization and purpose as it relates to Congress. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc85477/
- Presidential Transition Act: Provisions and Funding
- The Presidential Transition Act of 1963 (PTA), as amended, authorizes funding for the General Services Administration (GSA) to provide suitable office space, staff compensation, and other services associated with the presidential transition process. The President's FY2009 budget proposal included $8.52 million in funding for the 2008-2009 presidential transition. This report outlines facets of the PTA, as well as the details of the FY2009 budget appropriations for the 2008-2009 presidential transition. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10816/
- Election of the President and Vice President by Congress: Contingent Election
- The 12th Amendment to the Constitution requires that candidates for President and Vice President receive a majority of electoral votes (currently 270 or more of a total of 538) to be elected. If no candidate receives a majority, the President is elected by the House of Representatives, and the Vice President is elected by the Senate. This process is referred to as contingent election and is the topic of discussion in this report. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1635/
- The Electoral College: Reform Proposals in the 107th Congress
- Seven proposals to reform the Electoral College system have been introduced to date in the 107th Congress. H.J.Res. 3 (Representative Green of Texas), and H.J.Res. 5 (Representative Delahunt) would eliminate the electoral college, substituting direct popular election of the President. H.J.Res. 1 (Representative Clyburn), H.J.Res. 18 (Representative Engel), and H.J.Res. 37 (Representative Clement) would incorporate the “district” method of awarding electoral votes, and H.J.Res. 17 (Representative Engel) would provide for proportional award of electoral votes. H.J.Res. 25 (Representative Leach) is a hybrid plan. These measures have been referred to the House Judiciary Committee and await further action. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1632/
- The Electoral College: An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals
- Following the closely contested presidential election of 2000, it is anticipated that Congress may revisit the issue of Electoral College reform. Although some reforms could be effected through federal or state statutes, most would require overcoming the considerable hurdles encountered by proposed constitutional amendments: two-thirds approval by both houses of Congress, followed by ratification by three-fourths (38) of the states, usually within a period of seven years. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1631/
- The Electoral College: How it Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections
- The Constitution assigns each state a number of electors equal to the combined total of the state’s Senate and House of Representatives delegations; at present, the number of electors per state ranges from three to 55, for a total of 538. This report discuses constitutional origins, the electoral college today and explains the allocation of electors and electoral votes. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1634/
- The Role of the President in Budget Development
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1436/
- Presidential Elections in the United States: A Primer
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1157/
- Submission of the President's Budget in Transition Years
- At the time of a presidential transition, one question commonly asked is whether the outgoing or incoming President submits the budget for the upcoming fiscal year. Under past practices, outgoing Presidents in transition years submitted a budget to Congress just prior to leaving office and incoming Presidents usually revised them. President George W. Bush has indicated that he will not submit a budget for FY2010, which is subject to a deadline of Monday, February 2, 2009. The Office of Management and Budget will prepare a current services baseline from which the incoming Administration can develop its budget proposals. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10559/
- Recess Appointments of Federal Judges
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1859/
- Jonathan Pollard: Background and Considerations for Presidential Clemency
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1540/
- The Electoral College: Reform Proposals in the 108th Congress
- American voters elect the President and Vice President of the United States under a complex arrangement of constitutional provisions, federal and state laws, and political party practices known as the electoral college system. Despite occasional close elections, this system has delivered uncontested results in 46 of 50 elections since adoption of the 12th Amendment, effective in 1804. Throughout this period, nevertheless, it has been the subject of persistent criticism and many reform proposals. Related measures fall into two basic categories: those that would eliminate the electoral college and substitute direct popular election of the President and Vice President, and those that would retain the existing system in some form and correct perceived defects. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10208/
- Legislative Procedure for Possible Disapproval of President's Imposition of Safeguard Measures on Imports of Steel
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2311/
- Ocean Commissions: Ocean Policy Review and Outlook
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8727/
- Assassination Ban and E.O. 12333: A Brief Summary
- This report offers a brief summary of the assassination ban contained in Executive Order (E.O.) 12333, Section 2.11. E.O. 12333 is the latest in a series of three executive orders which included assassination bans. The first, Executive Order 11905, Sec. 5(g),1 41 Fed. Reg. 7703, 7733 (President Gerald Ford, 2/19/76), was part of an executive order issued by President Ford in response to concerns raised in the 1970's with respect to alleged abuses by the U.S. intelligence community. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2392/
- Presidential Claims of Executive Privilege: History, Law, Practice and Recent Developments
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6970/
- Direct Assaults Against Presidents, Presidents-Elect, and Candidates
- Direct assaults against Presidents, Presidents-elect, and candidates have occurred on 15 separate occasions, with five resulting in death. Ten incumbents (about 24% of the 42 individuals to serve in the office), including four of the past six Presidents, have been victims or targets. Four of the ten (and one candidate) died as a result of the attacks. This report identifies these incidents and provides information about what happened, when, where, and, if known, why. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9150/
- The Electoral College: How it Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections
- The Constitution assigns each state a number of electors equal to the combined total of the state’s Senate and House of Representatives delegations; at present, the number of electors per state ranges from three to 55, for a total of 538. This report discuses constitutional origins, the electoral college today and explains the allocation of electors and electoral votes. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4395/
- The Electoral College: Reform Proposals in the 107th Congress
- Seven proposals to reform the Electoral College system have been introduced to date in the 107th Congress. H.J.Res. 3 (Representative Green of Texas), and H.J.Res. 5 (Representative Delahunt) would eliminate the electoral college, substituting direct popular election of the President. H.J.Res. 1 (Representative Clyburn), H.J.Res. 18 (Representative Engel), and H.J.Res. 37 (Representative Clement) would incorporate the “district” method of awarding electoral votes, and H.J.Res. 17 (Representative Engel) would provide for proportional award of electoral votes. H.J.Res. 25 (Representative Leach) is a hybrid plan. These measures have been referred to the House Judiciary Committee and await further action. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4394/
- The Electoral College: Reform Proposals in the 107th Congress
- Seven proposals to reform the Electoral College system have been introduced to date in the 107th Congress. H.J.Res. 3 (Representative Green of Texas), and H.J.Res. 5 (Representative Delahunt) would eliminate the electoral college, substituting direct popular election of the President. H.J.Res. 1 (Representative Clyburn), H.J.Res. 18 (Representative Engel), and H.J.Res. 37 (Representative Clement) would incorporate the “district” method of awarding electoral votes, and H.J.Res. 17 (Representative Engel) would provide for proportional award of electoral votes. H.J.Res. 25 (Representative Leach) is a hybrid plan. These measures have been referred to the House Judiciary Committee and await further action. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4393/
- The Role of the President in Budget Development
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs884/