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- Hydraulic Fracturing and Safe Drinking Water Act Regulatory Issues
- This report reviews past and proposed treatment of hydraulic fracturing under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), the principal federal statute for regulating the underground injection of fluids to protect groundwater sources of drinking water. It reviews current SDWA provisions for regulating underground injection activities, and discusses some possible implications of the enactment of legislation authorizing EPA to regulate hydraulic fracturing (beyond diesel) under this statute.
- Hydraulic Fracturing and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA): Selected Issues
- This report provides an overview of two situations in which agencies are arguing that they do not need to conduct a comprehensive environmental review of hydraulic fracturing under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).
- Hydropower License Conditions and the Relicensing Process
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- Hydropower License Conditions and the Relicensing Process
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- Hydropower Licenses and Relicensing Conditions: Current Issues and Legislative Activity
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- Hydropower Licenses and Relicensing Conditions: Current Issues and Legislative Activity
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- IAEA Budget and U.S. Contributions: In Brief
- This report discusses the International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA's) budget and funding. In addition to its other missions, the IAEA is monitoring and verifying Iranian compliance with the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and is to report on these activities regularly. The accord is intended to lift nuclear related U.S., European Union, and United Nations sanctions on Iran in exchange for restrictions on the country's nuclear program.
- Identity Theft and the Fair Credit Reporting Act: An Analysis of
- This report provides information about An Analysis of on Identity Theft and the Fair Credit Reporting Act. This report will provide a brief summary of the fair credit reporting act provisions in question, as well as an analysis of the recent supreme court decisions.
- Identity Theft and the Fair Credit Reporting Act: An Analysis of
- This report provides information about An Analysis of on Identity Theft and the Fair Credit Reporting Act. This report will provide a brief summary of the fair credit reporting act provisions in question, as well as an analysis of the recent supreme court decisions.
- Identity Theft and the Fair Credit Reporting Act: An Analysis of
- This report provides information about An Analysis of on Identity Theft and the Fair Credit Reporting Act. This report will provide a brief summary of the fair credit reporting act provisions in question, as well as an analysis of the recent supreme court decisions.
- Illicit Drugs and the Terrorist Threat: Causal Links and Implications for Domestic Drug Control Policy
- The international traffic in illicit drugs contributes to terrorist risk through at least five mechanisms: supplying cash, creating chaos and instability, supporting corruption, providing “cover” and sustaining common infrastructures for illicit activity, and competing for law enforcement and intelligence attention. Of these, cash and chaos are likely to be the two most important.
- Imf and World Bank Activities in Russia and Asia: Some Conflicting Perspectives
- Examination of differing opinions on whether or not the IMF and World Bank economic programs in Russia and Asia were effective.
- IMF Reforms: Issues for Congress
- This report provides information about reforms to the International Monetary Fund, Congress's role in the reform process, and how the reforms could affect U.S. interests at the IMF.
- Immigration: Adjustment to Permanent Residence Status under Section 245(i)
- Under § 245 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, an alien in the U.S. who, on the basis of family relationship or job skills, becomes eligible for permanent resident status may adjust to that status in the United States without having to go abroad to obtain an immigrant visa. Historically, only those aliens who were here legally (e.g., as a student or a temporary skilled worker) could adjust status under § 245. In 1994, however, Congress enacted § 245(i). That provision, which was set to expire on September 30, 1997, allowed illegal aliens in the U.S. to adjust status under § 245 once they, because of family relationships or job skills, became eligible for permanent the residency provided they paid a surcharge fee.
- Immigration: Alien Registration
- This report reviews the process of temporary legal residents becoming registered as U.S. citizens while providing preliminary factors involved before registration.
- Immigration: Analysis of the Major Provisions of H.R. 418, the REAL ID Act of 2005
- The 109th Congress is considering several issues carried over from the 108th Congress related to immigration enforcement and identification-document security. This report analyzes the major provisions of House-passed H.R. 418, the REAL ID Act of 2005. It describes relevant current law relating to immigration and document-security matters, how House-passed H.R. 418 would alter current law if enacted, and the degree to which the bill duplicates existing law.
- Immigration: Analysis of the Major Provisions of the REAL ID Act of 2005
- During the 108th Congress, a number of proposals related to immigration and identification-document security were introduced, some of which were considered in the context of implementing recommendations made by the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (also known as the 9/11 Commission) and enacted pursuant to the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-458). At the time that the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act was adopted, some congressional leaders reportedly agreed to revisit certain immigration and document-security issues in the 109th Congress that had been dropped from the final version of the act.
- The Immigration and Nationality Act: Questions and Answers
- The basic United States law governing immigration and naturalization is contained in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, as amended (8 U.S.C. 1101 -- et seq.). This report provides questions and answers to explain the way in which the Immigration and Nationality Act as amended through 1981 regulates the entry of aliens for permanent and temporary residence in the United States, and other major provisions of the law. Emphasis is placed on subjects which have been of particular interest to the Congress in recent years. This supersedes CRS Report No. 81-65 EPW.
- Immigration and Naturalization Service Reorganization and Related Legislative Proposals
- The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), with a current annual budget of $4.3 billion, is the primary agency charged with enforcing the nation's immigration law. Regulating immigration can be viewed as having two basic components: stemming illegal immigration (enforcement) and facilitating legal immigration (service). The Administration is moving forward to restructure the agency internally by separating the agency's enforcement and service functions, but maintains that the immigration function must be managed by a single executive who can integrate immigration policy, standards, and operations. There is no statutory requirement that the Administration gain Congress's formal approval of its plan to restructure INS. Congress, however, could choose to mandate legislatively that INS be dismantled or restructured differently.
- Immigration and Naturalization Service Reorganization and Related Legislative Proposals
- The Immigration and NaturalizationService (INS), with a current annual budget of $5.0 billion, is the primary agency charged with enforcing the nation’s immigration law. Regulating immigration can be viewed as having two basic components:stemming illegal immigration (enforcement) and facilitating legal immigration (service). The Bush Administration supports separating service from enforcement. While no legislation to restructure INS has been introduced in the 107th Congress at this date, it is likely that proposals will be introduced in the future, since restructuring may necessitate amending existing statutory authorities. For now, Members of Congress, who support restructuring INS, are waiting to review the Bush Administration’s plan before introducing legislation themselves.
- Immigration and Naturalization Service Reorganization and Related Legislative Proposals
- The Immigration and NaturalizationService (INS), with a current annual budget of $5.0 billion, is the primary agency charged with enforcing the nation’s immigration law. Regulating immigration can be viewed as having two basic components:stemming illegal immigration (enforcement) and facilitating legal immigration (service). The Bush Administration supports separating service from enforcement. While no legislation has been acted upon in the 107th Congress at this date, restructuring proposals may be considered in the future, since restructuring may necessitate amending existing statutory authorities.
- Immigration and Naturalization Service: Restructuring Proposals in the 107th Congress
- Summary The events of September 11 brought the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) to the forefront of the nation’s attention. Although all 19 hijackers entered the country legally, three overstayed their visas. And, on March 11, 2002, INS sent student visa notifications for two of the (now deceased) 19 hijackers to the aviation school they attended, provoking an intensification of long-standing criticism of INS for weak management controls, among other things. An underlying theme of criticism concerns what many believe are overlapping and unclear chains of command with respect to INS’s service and enforcement functions. There appears to be a consensus among the Administration, Congress, and commentators that the immigration system, primarily INS, is in need of restructuring. There also appears to be a consensus among interested parties that INS’s two main functions — service and enforcement — need to be separated. There has not been a consensus, however, with regard to how the restructuring should take place.
- Immigration Consequences of Criminal Activity
- This report discusses the potential immigration consequences of criminal activity. "Criminal activity" generally refers to conduct for which an alien has been found or plead guilty before a court of law, though in limited circumstances consequences may attach to the commission of a crime or admission of acts constituting the essential elements of a crime.
- Immigration Detainers: Legal Issues
- Report that surveys the various authorities governing immigration detainers, including the standard detainer form (Form I-247) sent by ICE to other law enforcement agencies. The report also discusses key legal issues raised by immigration detainers.
- Immigration Detainers: Legal Issues
- Report that provides background information regarding the Immigration and Naturalization Service rules and regulations and discusses the "immigration detainer", a document by which U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) advises other law enforcement agencies that it seeks custody of individual aliens whom these agencies are detaining.
- Immigration Detainers: Legal Issues
- "This report surveys the various authorities governing immigration detainers, including the standard detainer form (Form I-247) sent by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) to other law enforcement agencies. The report also discusses key legal issues raised by immigration detainers, including whether Department of Homeland Security's (DHS's) detainer regulations and practices are beyond its statutory authority; whether states and localities are required to comply with immigration detainers; who has custody of aliens subject to detainers; and whether detainer practices violate aliens' constitutional rights. In considering these topics, it is important to note that Form I-247 and DHS's detainer practices have changed several times since 2010, and that decisions on the merits have not yet been issued in many cases challenging the use of detainers in conjunction with the Secure Communities program" (p. 6).
- Immigration Detainers: Legal Issues
- This report provides background information regarding the Immigration and Naturalization Service rules and regulations and discusses the "immigration detainer," a document by which U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) advises other law enforcement agencies that it seeks custody of individual aliens whom these agencies are detaining.
- Immigration Detainers: Legal Issues
- An "immigration detainer" is a document by which U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) advises other law enforcement agencies of its interest in individual aliens whom these agencies are detaining. This report surveys the various authorities governing immigration detainers, including the standard detainer form (Form I-247) sent by ICE to other law enforcement agencies. The report also discusses key legal issues raised by immigration detainers.
- Immigration Enforcement within the United States
- This report provides an analysis of immigration enforcement within the United States. The report opens with a definition of immigration enforcement, a discussion of the statutory authority to conduct immigration enforcement, and an overview of immigration enforcement related legislation since 1986. It follows with an exposition on the dichotomy of interior and border enforcement. The report then details different aspects of immigration enforcement in the United States including detention and removal, alien smuggling and trafficking, document and benefit fraud, worksite enforcement, inspections at ports of entry, and patrolling the border between ports of entry. The report continues with a discussion of the role of state and local law enforcement in the enforcement of immigration laws. The report then presents a comparative analysis of the resources devoted to divergent immigration enforcement activities. It concludes with a discussion of crosscutting immigration enforcement issues related to the structure of the Department of Homeland Security.
- Immigration Fundamentals
- This report describes the fundamentals of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), which was enacted in 1952 and significantly amended since, most recently by the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 109th Congress
- Report detailing issues and legislative concerns regarding immigration during the 109th Congress, with a focus on security concerns.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 109th Congress
- Report detailing issues and legislative concerns regarding immigration during the 109th Congress, with a focus on security concerns.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 109th Congress
- Report detailing issues and legislative concerns regarding immigration during the 109th Congress, with a focus on security concerns.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 109th Congress
- Report detailing issues and legislative concerns regarding immigration during the 109th Congress, with a focus on security concerns.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 109th Congress
- While major immigration reform proposals remain pending, Congress has enacted limited provisions on temporary and permanent employment-based immigration as part of P.L. 109-13. It also has enacted legislation concerning alien victims of domestic violence, trafficking in persons, and refugees. This report discusses these and other immigration-related issues that have seen legislative action or are of significant congressional interest. DHS appropriations and immigration legislation related to Hurricane Katrina are covered in other products and are not discussed here. The final section of the report lists enacted legislation and selected bills receiving action
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 110th Congress
- This report discusses immigration-related issues that have seen legislative action or are of significant congressional interest.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 110th Congress
- Report detailing issues and legislative concerns regarding immigration during the 110th Congress, with a focus on comprehensive reform.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 110th Congress
- Report detailing issues and legislative concerns regarding immigration during the 110th Congress, with a focus on comprehensive reform.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 110th Congress
- Report detailing issues and legislative concerns regarding immigration during the 110th Congress, with a focus on comprehensive reform.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 110th Congress
- Report detailing issues and legislative concerns regarding immigration during the 110th Congress, with a focus on comprehensive reform.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 111th Congress
- The 111th Congress has considered various immigration issues and has enacted a number of targeted immigration provisions. It has passed legislation to extend the life of several immigration programs--the E-Verify electronic employment eligibility verification system, the Immigrant Investor Regional Center Program, the Conrad State J-1 Waiver Program, and the special immigrant visa for religious workers--all of which are currently authorized until September 30, 2012. Among the other subjects of legislation enacted by this Congress are refugees and border security. This report discusses these and other immigration-related issues that have seen legislative action or are of significant congressional interest.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 111th Congress
- This report synthesizes the multi-tiered debate over immigration reform into key elements: legal immigration; legalization; immigration control; refugees, asylees, and humanitarian migrants; and alien rights, benefits, and responsibilities. It delineates the issues for the 111th Congress on permanent residence, temporary admissions, border security, worksite enforcement, employment eligibility verification, document fraud, criminal aliens, and the grounds for inadmissibility.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 111th Congress
- This report discusses Congressional debate of comprehensive immigration reform and other immigration-related issues that have seen legislative action or are of significant congressional interest.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 111th Congress
- This report discusses Congressional debate of comprehensive immigration reform and other immigration-related issues that have seen legislative action or are of significant congressional interest.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 111th Congress
- Report detailing issues and legislative concerns regarding immigration during the 111th Congress, with a focus on comprehensive reform.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 112th Congress
- This report discusses immigration-related issues that have received legislative action or are of significant congressional interest in the 112th Congress.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 112th Congress
- This report discusses immigration-related issues that have received legislative action or are of significant congressional interest in the 112th Congress.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 112th Congress
- Report detailing issues and legislative concerns regarding immigration during the 112th Congress, with a focus on comprehensive reform.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 113th Congress
- Immigration reform was an active legislative issue in the first session of the 113th Congress. The Senate passed the Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act (S. 744), a comprehensive immigration reform bill that includes provisions on border security, interior enforcement, employment eligibility verification and worksite enforcement, legalization of unauthorized aliens, immigrant visas, nonimmigrant visas, and humanitarian admissions. For its part, the House took a different approach to immigration reform. Rather than considering a single comprehensive bill, the House acted on a set of immigration bills that address border security, interior enforcement, employment eligibility verification and worksite enforcement, and nonimmigrant and immigrant visas. House committees reported or ordered to be reported the following immigration bills: Border Security Results Act of 2013 (H.R. 1417); Strengthen and Fortify Enforcement (SAFE) Act (H.R. 2278); Legal Workforce Act (H.R. 1772); Agricultural Guestworker (AG) Act (H.R. 1773); and Supplying Knowledge-based Immigrants and Lifting Levels of STEM Visas (SKILLS Visa) Act (H.R. 2131). This report discusses these and other immigration-related issues that received legislative action or have been of significant congressional interest in the 113th Congress.
- Immigration Legislation and Issues in the 113th Congress
- Report detailing issues and legislative concerns regarding immigration during the 113th Congress, with a focus on comprehensive reform.