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2000-2009
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Congressional Research Service Reports
- The World Trade Organization: Background and Issues
- The World Trade Organization (WTO), which was established on January 1, 1995, is the principal organization for rules governing international trade. This report provides general background on the WTO: its establishment, principles, administrative bodies, and membership. It also includes a brief discussion of policy issues pertaining to the WTO agenda, U.S. sovereignty and membership in the WTO, the congressional role in U.S. participation in the WTO, and pursuit of U.S. trade goals in the WTO compared to other options. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1835/
- The World Trade Organization: Background and Issues
- The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established on January 1, 1995, under an agreement reached during the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations. The Uruguay Round was the last of a series of periodic trade negotiations held under the auspices of the WTO’s predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Among the questions asked during debate on U.S. trade policy and the WTO are: To what extent should the United States meet its trade goals in theWTO versus other options? Can the United States maintain its sovereignty as a member of the WTO? Are U.S. interests served through the WTO dispute process? Should the WTO continue to cover traditional trade issues only, or should it be broadened to include nontraditional issues such as labor and the environment? What is the role of Congress in U.S. participation in the WTO? digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1834/
- Northern Ireland: The Peace Process
- For years, the British and Irish governments have sought to facilitate a peaceful settlement to the conflict in Northern Ireland. After many ups and downs, the two government and the parties participating in the peace talks announced an agreement on April 10, 1998. The implementation of the resulting Good Friday Agreement continues to be difficult. A political stalemate in Northern Ireland since 2002 has halted the peace process and forced London to suspend the devolved government and to resume governance of the province. British and Irish leaders have set a November 24, 2006, deadline to revive talks on governance in Northern Ireland. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10256/
- The European Union in 2005 and Beyond
- The European Union (EU) experienced significant changes in 2004 as it enlarged from 15 to 25 members and continued work on a new constitutional treaty to institute internal reforms and further EU political integration. In 2005, the EU is expected to build on these efforts and seek to implement several recent foreign policy and defense initiatives. This report describes the current status of the EU’s “constitution,” EU enlargement, the EU’s evolving foreign and defense policies, and possible implications for U.S.-EU relations. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6719/
- The European Union in 2005 and Beyond
- The European Union (EU) experienced significant changes in 2004 as it enlarged from 15 to 25 members and continued work on a new constitutional treaty to institute internal reforms and further EU political integration. In 2005, the EU is expected to build on these efforts and seek to implement several recent foreign policy and defense initiatives. This report describes the current status of the EU’s “constitution,” EU enlargement, the EU’s evolving foreign and defense policies, and possible implications for U.S.-EU relations. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6721/
- The European Union in 2005 and Beyond
- The European Union (EU) experienced significant changes in 2004 as it enlarged from 15 to 25 members and continued work on a new constitutional treaty to institute internal reforms and further EU political integration. In 2005, the EU is expected to build on these efforts and seek to implement several recent foreign policy and defense initiatives. This report describes the current status of the EU’s “constitution,” EU enlargement, the EU’s evolving foreign and defense policies, and possible implications for U.S.-EU relations. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6720/
- The European Union in 2005 and Beyond
- The European Union (EU) experienced significant changes in 2004 as it enlarged from 15 to 25 members and continued work on a new constitutional treaty to institute internal reforms and further EU political integration. In 2005, the EU is expected to build on these efforts and seek to implement several recent foreign policy and defense initiatives. This report describes the current status of the EU’s “constitution,” EU enlargement, the EU’s evolving foreign and defense policies, and possible implications for U.S.-EU relations. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6275/
- Northern Ireland: The Peace Process
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8695/
- The World Trade Organization: Background and Issues
- The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established on January 1, 1995, under an agreement reached during the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations. The Uruguay Round was the last of a series of periodic trade negotiations held under the auspices of the WTO’s predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Among the questions asked during debate on U.S. trade policy and the WTO are: To what extent should the United States meet its trade goals in theWTO versus other options? Can the United States maintain its sovereignty as a member of the WTO? Are U.S. interests served through the WTO dispute process? Should the WTO continue to cover traditional trade issues only, or should it be broadened to include nontraditional issues such as labor and the environment? What is the role of Congress in U.S. participation in the WTO? digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5061/
- Foreign Terrorist Organizations
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5991/
- Extradition To and From the United States: Overview of the Law and Recent Treaties
- “Extradition” is the formal surrender of a person by a State to another State for prosecution or punishment. Extradition to or from the United States is a creature of treaty. The United States has extradition treaties with over a hundred of the nations of the world. International terrorism and drug trafficking have made extradition an increasingly important law enforcement tool. This is a brief overview of federal law in the area and of the adjustments in recent treaties to make them more responsive to American law enforcement interests. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7063/
- The European Union in 2006 and Beyond
- The European Union (EU) experienced significant changes in 2004 as it enlarged from 15 to 25 members and continued work on a new constitutional treaty to institute internal reforms and further EU political integration. In 2005, the EU is expected to build on these efforts and seek to implement several recent foreign policy and defense initiatives. This report describes the current status of the EU’s “constitution,” EU enlargement, the EU’s evolving foreign and defense policies, and possible implications for U.S.-EU relations. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9017/
- Northern Ireland: The Peace Process
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7210/
- Terrorism: Near Eastern Groups and State Sponsors, 2001
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1841/
- Terrorism: Near Eastern Groups and State Sponsors, 2002
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3207/
- Why Certain Trade Agreements Are Approved as Congressional-Executive Agreements Rather Than as Treaties
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6074/
- Al Qaeda: Statements and Evolving Ideology
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6692/
- Terrorism: Automated Lookout Systems and Border Security Options and Issues
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1826/
- Why Certain Trade Agreements Are Approved as Congressional-Executive Agreements Rather Than as Treaties
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1991/
- Terrorist Attack on USS Cole: Background and Issues for Congress
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1541/
- United Nations System Funding: Congressional Issues
- This report tracks the process by which Congress provides the funding for U.S. assessed contributions to the regular budgets of the United Nations, its agencies, and U.N. peacekeeping operation accounts, as well as for U.S. voluntary contributions to U.N. system programs and funds. It includes information on the President's request and the congressional response, as well as congressional initiatives during this legislative process. Basic information is provided to help the reader understand this process. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10295/
- Interrogation of Detainees: Overview of the McCain Amendment
- Controversy has arisen regarding U.S. treatment of enemy combatants and terrorist suspects detained in Iraq, Afghanistan, and other locations, and whether such treatment complies with related U.S. statutes and treaties. Certain provisions of the Detainee Treatment Act (DTA), first introduced by Senator John McCain, have popularly been referred to as the "McCain Amendment." This report discusses the McCain amendment and the application of the McCain amendment by the Department of Defense (DOD) in the updated 2006 version of the Army Field Manual. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10291/
- Palestinian Factions
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6954/
- Al Qaeda: Profile and Threat Assessment
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6277/
- Al Qaeda: Statements and Evolving Ideology
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6273/
- Al Qaeda: Statements and Evolving Ideology
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8269/
- International Terrorism: Threat, Policy, and Response
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9505/
- Why Certain Trade Agreements Are Approved as Congressional-Executive Agreements Rather Than as Treaties
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3507/
- Why Certain Trade Agreements Are Approved as Congressional-Executive Agreements Rather Than as Treaties
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3509/
- Industry Trade Effects Related to NAFTA
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3546/
- Industry Trade Effects Related to NAFTA
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5580/
- International Terrorism in South Asia
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5091/
- Al Qaeda: Statements and Evolving Ideology
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5999/
- The PLO and Its Factions
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3211/
- International Terrorism: Threat, Policy, and Response
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9506/
- NATO in Afghanistan: A Test of the Transatlantic Alliance
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9520/
- Why Certain Trade Agreements Are Approved as Congressional-Executive Agreements Rather Than as Treaties
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3510/
- Why Certain Trade Agreements Are Approved as Congressional-Executive Agreements Rather Than as Treaties
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5545/
- Civilian Patrols Along the Border: Legal and Policy Issues
- This report opens with a discussion on the federal authority to enforce immigration law at the border and some U.S. Border Patrol operations that have affected illegal migration patterns along the southwest border. Next, the report provides a history of civilian border patrol groups, with a particular focus on the “Minuteman Project” and other groups operating along the southwest border. It then highlights issues of authority that might arise, and includes, as an appendix, a table that sets forth various state laws that may be useful to civilians performing immigration-related enforcement activities. The report also addresses some of the legal and policy issues, as mentioned above, that have surfaced from civilian involvement in immigration enforcement at the border. The report concludes with summaries of legislation introduced in the 109th Congress that address the use of civilian border patrols. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9015/
- Al Qaeda After the Iraq Conflict
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5089/
- United Nations System Funding: Congressional Issues
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9863/
- State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2010 Budget and Appropriations
- The annual State, Foreign Operations, and Related Agencies appropriations bill is the primary legislative vehicle through which Congress reviews the U.S. international affairs budget and influences executive branch foreign policy making in general. On May 7, 2009, President Obama submitted a budget proposal for FY2010 that requests $53.9 billion for the international affairs budget. This report analyzes the FY2010 request, recent-year funding trends, and congressional action for FY2010. To date, this includes the introduction and committee approval of H.R. 3081, the House State-Foreign Operations Appropriations bill for FY2010. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc26181/
- Trying Terrorists as War Criminals
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6980/
- Latin America: Terrorism Issues
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6171/
- NAFTA: Related Environmental Issues and Initiatives
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6073/
- WTO Doha Round: The Agricultural Negotiations
- This report assesses the current status of agricultural negotiations in the Doha Round of trade negotiations of the World Trade Organization (WTO); traces the developments leading up to the December 2005 Hong Kong Ministerial; examines the major agricultural negotiating proposals; discusses the potential effects of a successful Doha Round agreement on global trade, income, U.S. farm policy, and U.S. agriculture; and provides background on the WTO, the Doha Round, the key negotiating groups, and a chronology of key events relevant to the agricultural negotiations. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10355/
- World Heritage Convention and U.S. National Parks
- P.L. 106-429, in which H.R. 5526, the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs appropriations act for 2001 was referenced, contained language prohibiting funding from this bill for the United Nations World Heritage Fund. This Fund provides technical assistance to countries requesting help in protecting World Heritage sites. On May 20, 1999, the House passed (by voice vote) the American Land Sovereignty Protection Act (H.R. 883), which requires congressional approval to add any additional U.S. national parks and monuments to the World Heritage List, a UNESCO-administered list established by the 1972 World Heritage Convention. This paper describes the operation of the UNESCO Convention and will be updated periodically. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1291/
- World Heritage Convention and U.S. National Parks
- On July 13, 2000, the House passed H.R. 4811, the FY 2001 Foreign Operations bill, containing language prohibiting the use of any funds in the bill for the United Nations World Heritage Fund. This Fund provides technical assistance to countries requesting help in protecting World Heritage sites. On May 20, 1999, the House passed (by voice vote) the American Land Sovereignty Protection Act (H.R. 883), which requires congressional approval to add any additional U.S. national parks and monuments to the World Heritage List, a UNESCO-administered list established by the 1972 World Heritage Convention. This paper describes the operation of the UNESCO Convention and will be updated periodically. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1290/
- Nuclear Testing and Comprehensive Test Ban: Chronology Starting September 1992
- The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) bans "any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other nuclear explosion." It was opened for signature in September 1996. In September 1997, President Clinton submitted it to the Senate, which rejected it in October 1999. The Bush Administration has not requested Senate consideration of the treaty. This report details actions on nuclear testing and the treaty starting with the most recent U.S. test in September 1992. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10523/
- Latin America: Terrorism Issues
- In the aftermath of the September 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, D.C., U.S. attention to terrorism in Latin America intensified, with an increase in bilateral and regional cooperation. Latin American nations strongly condemned the attacks. This report outlines the U.S.-Latin American relationship in regards to terrorism, including several pieces of international counterterrorism legislation, including the Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism and the Organization of American States. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10571/