Congressional Research Service Reports - 41 Matching Results

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Cost-Benefit Analysis: Issues in Its Use in Regulation

Description: This report sketches issues underlying broader use of cost-benefit analysis. It focuses on cost-benefit as one of several related frameworks for assessing regulatory actions or policies. Cost-benefit is the broadest of these frameworks, which also include impact assessment, risk assessment, and cost-effectiveness. Which analytical framework is appropriate depends on the regulatory context.
Date: June 28, 1995
Creator: Moore, John L.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Japan's Looming Bank Crisis: A Half Trillion Dollars in Non-Performing Loans?

Description: Japan's top 21 banks have reported Y13.6 trillion (US$136 billion) in non-performing loans, but experts consider the true figure to be in the range of Y40 to Y60 trillion (US$400 to US$600 billion). If 90, Japan's banks may take five to seven more years to write off their bad loans and restore health to their balance sheets. Current write-offs are being financed primarily by sales of stocks held by banks whose values have appreciated. This problem of bad loans is depressing Japan's economic gro… more
Date: August 19, 1994
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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South Korea's Economy and Trade

Description: South Korea has become a mid-level economy with a growing consumer market and industrial base. It now is in transition. It can no longer compete easily in low-wage, low-technology manufacturing with other countries of Asia, yet it does not have the technology and expertise to compete fully with industries from Japan, the United States, and Europe.
Date: July 15, 1994
Creator: Nanto, Dick K.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Science Behind the Regulation of Food Safety: Risk Assessment and the Precautionary Principle

Description: Although Congress, the President and agency administrators support the use of science as a basis for food safety regulatory activities, there are controversies about how science can best be used for this purpose. Supporters of science-based regulations regard conclusions from well-designed scientific studies as largely impartial and fair;
Date: August 27, 1999
Creator: Parish, Mickey
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Nitrogen Oxides and Electric Utilities: Revising the NSPS

Description: Under the Clean Air Act (CAA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from utility boilers, combustion turbines, and combined-cycle units. The current NOx NSPS, set in 1979, does not reflect subsequent advancements in Nox control technology. As a part of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments,
Date: July 25, 1997
Creator: Parker, Larry
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Food Safety Agencies and Authorities: A Primer

Description: Several federal agencies, in cooperation with state governments, are responsible for regulating the safety of the U.S. food supply. In the wake of an outbreak of foodborne illness and the largest recall of suspected contaminated meat in U.S. history in August 1997, several policymakers have reopened the debate on creating a single, independent, federal food safety agency. They assert that this would provide more effective regulatory control over the entire farm-to-table food production and mark… more
Date: February 5, 1998
Creator: Rawson, Jean M. & Vogt, Donna U.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Tobacco Control: Enforcement and Effectiveness of Federal and State Youth Access Laws

Description: This report reviews recent efforts to limit youth access to cigarettes through enforcement of federal and state laws prohibiting tobacco sales to minors. Under the federal Synar Amendment, states must conduct compliance checks and enforce their minimum age-of-sale laws or risk losing block grant funds
Date: August 19, 1998
Creator: Redhead, C. Stephen & Austin-Lane, Joy
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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The Former Soviet Union and U.S. Foreign Aid: Implementing the Assistance Program, 1992-1994

Description: In fiscal year 1994, the new states of the former Soviet Union became collectively the second largest recipient of U.S. foreign assistance made available from all sources. Whether and how the assistance program is helping to bring about democratic systems and free market economies is increasingly a question of interest to Congress and the public at large.
Date: January 18, 1995
Creator: Tarnoff, Curt
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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The Delaney Clause: The Dilemma of Regulating Health Risk for Pesticide Residues

Description: Under the authority of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for establishing tolerances for pesticide residues in or on foods and feeds. Tolerances are legal limits to the amount of pesticide residues that can be found on a raw agricultural commodity at the farm gate or in a processed food. The FFDCA has two sections, 408 and 409, which set up different and inconsistent criteria for setting tolerances for pesticide residues i… more
Date: November 9, 1992
Creator: Vogt, Donna U.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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The Delaney Dilemma: Regulating Pesticide Residues in Foods -- Seminar Proceedings, March 16, 1993

Description: A provision in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the Delaney Clause, appears to lower risks in the setting of tolerances for pesticide residues. It prohibits any substance from being added to processed foods if it induces cancer in man or animals. In reality, the provision created a dilemma because the zero-risk statute makes it difficult to regulate pesticides. Because of the prescription of Delaney, tolerances (legal limits) are established differently for carcinogens and non-carcinog… more
Date: May 19, 1993
Creator: Vogt, Donna U.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Food Additive Regulations: A Chronology

Description: The 104th Congress is actively debating proposals to reform several aspects of the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) process for regulating consumer products, including its approval process for food additives. In June 1995, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced at a House Government Reform and Oversight Subcommittee hearing several policy shifts in its food additive pre-market approval process which will soon be implemented.
Date: September 13, 1995
Creator: Vogt, Donna U.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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NAFTA: A Broad Economic Perspective

Description: Most economists believe that the main economic benefit of NAFTA will be that, over time, it will increase productivity and incomes in the United States, Mexico and Canada. In this view, living standards of all three countries will be higher than without a NAFTA. In the near term, some reallocation of resources will occur within each country, generating gains for some producers and costs for others. New industries emerge, some industries expand, some contract, and some die. Since the Mexican and… more
Date: November 9, 1993
Creator: Wilson, Arlene
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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