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Congressional Research Service Reports
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Three major dairy policy issues captured the attention of the 106th Congress, and are expected to remain issues of concern to the 107th Congress-- federal financial assistance for dairy farmers; implementation by USDA of changes to federal farm milk pricing regulations; and regional debates over the market effects of dairy compacts. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1059/
- Farm Economic Relief: Issues and Options for Congress
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1056/
- Conservation Reserve Program: Status and Current Issues
- The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), enacted in 1985, enables producers to retire highly erodible or environmentally sensitive cropland, usually for 10 years. Congress reauthorized and amended the CRP in the 1996 Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act (P.L. 104-127; 16 U.S.C. 3811, et seq.). The law caps enrollment at 36.4 million acres and makes funding mandatory through the commodity Credit Corporation. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1053/
- Emergency Funding for Agriculture: A Brief History of Congressional Action, FY1989-FY2001
- From FY1989 through FY2001 (to date), nineteen appropriations or farm disaster acts have provided $38 billion in emergency funding for U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs. Nearly $27 billion, or about 70 percent of the total amount, has been provided for FY1999-FY2001 alone. Since FY1989, the vast majority of the funds has been paid directly to farmers, primarily in the form of “market loss payments” (just under $17 billion, all since FY1999) to compensate for low farm commodity prices, and disaster payments($15.6 billion) paid to any producer who experienced a major crop loss caused by a natural disaster. The remaining $5.4 billion has funded a wide array of other USDA programs, including other forms of farm disaster assistance, farm loans, overseas food aid, food and nutrition programs, and rural development assistance. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1063/
- Harvey v. Veneman and the National Organic Program: A Legal Analysis
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10111/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Three major dairy policy issues captured the attention of the 106th Congress, and are expected to remain issues of concern to the 107th Congress-- federal financial assistance for dairy farmers; implementation by USDA of changes to federal farm milk pricing regulations; and regional debates over the market effects of dairy compacts. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1374/
- Energy Costs and Agriculture
- U.S. agriculture is not an especially energy-intensive industry, but energy does account for about 6% of farm production costs. Additionally, farming is a highly mechanized industry and requires timely energy supplies at particular stages of the production cycle in order to achieve optimum yields. A substantial part of energy use by agriculture is indirect —embodied in the chemicals applied and machinery used on farms. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1674/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Several dairy issues that were debated during the 108th Congress are expected to continue as issues of interest in the 109th Congress. Separate bills were introduced in the 108th Congress to extend authority for both the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) Program and the dairy forward pricing pilot program, and to address dairy producer concerns about the importation of milk protein concentrates. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10091/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Several dairy issues that were debated during the 108th Congress are expected to continue as issues of interest in the 109th Congress. Separate bills were introduced in the 108th Congress to extend authority for both the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) Program and the dairy forward pricing pilot program, and to address dairy producer concerns about the importation of milk protein concentrates. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10090/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- A temporary pilot program that allows processors to enter into forward price contracts with individual dairy farmers or their cooperatives for certain uses of milk is scheduled to expire December 31, 2004. A forward price contract allows buyers and sellers of a commodity to negotiate a price for the commodity on a future delivery date and insulates both parties from price volatility. Identical bills (H.R. 3308, S. 2565) pending in Congress would convert the pilot program to a permanent one. The bills are supported by dairy processors, but are opposed by the largest organization of dairy cooperatives, which is concerned that the program might undermine federal minimum pricing requirements digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10043/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Many dairy farmer groups are concerned that imports of milk protein concentrates (MPCs) are displacing domestic dairy ingredients and thus depressing farm milk prices. S.560 and H.R. 1160 would impose tariff rate quotas on certain MPCs, and S. 40 would prohibit the use of dry MPC in domestic cheese production. Dairy processor groups are opposed to these bills. A dairy producer group challenged the Customs Service classification of MPCs, but Customs ruled that current classifications are correct. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10019/
- Fruits and Vegetables: Issues for Congress
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2857/
- Fruits and Vegetables: Issues for Congress
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2858/
- Fruits and Vegetables: Issues for Congress
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2859/
- Fruits and Vegetables: Issues for Congress
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2856/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Several dairy issues that were debated during the 108th Congress are expected to continue as issues of interest in the 109th Congress. Separate bills were introduced in the 108th Congress to extend authority for both the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) Program and the dairy forward pricing pilot program, and to address dairy producer concerns about the importation of milk protein concentrates. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2105/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Several dairy issues that were debated during the 108th Congress are expected to continue as issues of interest in the 109th Congress. Separate bills were introduced in the 108th Congress to extend authority for both the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) Program and the dairy forward pricing pilot program, and to address dairy producer concerns about the importation of milk protein concentrates. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2107/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Several dairy issues that were debated during the 108th Congress are expected to continue as issues of interest in the 109th Congress. Separate bills were introduced in the 108th Congress to extend authority for both the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) Program and the dairy forward pricing pilot program, and to address dairy producer concerns about the importation of milk protein concentrates. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2108/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Several dairy issues that were debated during the 108th Congress are expected to continue as issues of interest in the 109th Congress. Separate bills were introduced in the 108th Congress to extend authority for both the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) Program and the dairy forward pricing pilot program, and to address dairy producer concerns about the importation of milk protein concentrates. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2104/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Several dairy issues that were debated during the 108th Congress are expected to continue as issues of interest in the 109th Congress. Separate bills were introduced in the 108th Congress to extend authority for both the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) Program and the dairy forward pricing pilot program, and to address dairy producer concerns about the importation of milk protein concentrates. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2109/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Several dairy issues that were debated during the 108th Congress are expected to continue as issues of interest in the 109th Congress. Separate bills were introduced in the 108th Congress to extend authority for both the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) Program and the dairy forward pricing pilot program, and to address dairy producer concerns about the importation of milk protein concentrates. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2106/
- Fruits and Vegetables: Issues for Congress
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2861/
- The U.S. Farm Economy
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8693/
- Conservation Reserve Program: Status and Current Issues
- The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), enacted in 1985, provides payments to farmers to take highly erodible or environmentally sensitive cropland out of production for ten years or more to conserve soil and water resources. It is the federal government’s largest private land retirement program. The program is administered by the Farm Service Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), with technical assistance provided by USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8738/
- The U.S. Farm Economy
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8060/
- Fruits and Vegetables: Issues for Congress
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2860/
- Information Services for Agriculture: The Role of Technology
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8510/
- The 'Terminator Gene' and Other Genetic Use Restriction Technologies (GURTs) in Crops
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs834/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Many dairy farmer groups are concerned that imports of milk protein concentrates (MPCs) are displacing domestic dairy ingredients and thus depressing farm milk prices. S.560 and H.R. 1160 would impose tariff rate quotas on certain MPCs, and S. 40 would prohibit the use of dry MPC in domestic cheese production. Dairy processor groups are opposed to these bills. A dairy producer group challenged the Customs Service classification of MPCs, but Customs ruled that current classifications are correct. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3722/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Many dairy farmer groups are concerned that imports of milk protein concentrates (MPCs) are displacing domestic dairy ingredients and thus depressing farm milk prices. S.560 and H.R. 1160 would impose tariff rate quotas on certain MPCs, and S. 40 would prohibit the use of dry MPC in domestic cheese production. Dairy processor groups are opposed to these bills. A dairy producer group challenged the Customs Service classification of MPCs, but Customs ruled that current classifications are correct. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3721/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Several major dairy policy issues are addressed in the context of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (P.L. 107- 171, the 2002 farm bill), which was signed into law on May 13, 2002. Included in the enacted 2002 farm bill are a reauthorization of the dairy price support program for an additional 5 ½ years, and new authorization for direct payments to dairy farmers through September 2005, triggered whenever the market price of farm milk falls below a target price level. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3720/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Many dairy farmer groups are concerned that imports of milk protein concentrates (MPCs) are displacing domestic dairy ingredients and thus depressing farm milk prices. S.560 and H.R. 1160 would impose tariff rate quotas on certain MPCs, and S. 40 would prohibit the use of dry MPC in domestic cheese production. Dairy processor groups are opposed to these bills. A dairy producer group challenged the Customs Service classification of MPCs, but Customs ruled that current classifications are correct. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3724/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Many dairy farmer groups are concerned that imports of milk protein concentrates (MPCs) are displacing domestic dairy ingredients and thus depressing farm milk prices. S.560 and H.R. 1160 would impose tariff rate quotas on certain MPCs, and S. 40 would prohibit the use of dry MPC in domestic cheese production. Dairy processor groups are opposed to these bills. A dairy producer group challenged the Customs Service classification of MPCs, but Customs ruled that current classifications are correct. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3723/
- Conservation Compliance for Agriculture: Status and Policy Issues
- This program, known as "conservation compliance," was amended in 1990 and 1996. This paper reviews the compliance concept, the program requirements, and the implementation record. It also introduces three policy topics: the effect of compliance on erosion rates and patterns; the effectiveness and flexibility of implementation; and the possible impact of changes to commodity policies enacted in the 1996 farm bill. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs505/
- U.S. Farm Income: Recent National and Regional Changes and the Federal Response
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs517/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Several major dairy policy issues are addressed in the context of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (P.L. 107- 171, the 2002 farm bill), which was signed into law on May 13, 2002. Included in the enacted 2002 farm bill are a reauthorization of the dairy price support program for an additional 5 ½ years, and new authorization for direct payments to dairy farmers through September 2005, triggered whenever the market price of farm milk falls below a target price level. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2110/
- Emergency Funding for Agriculture: A Brief History of Congressional Action, 1988-June 1999
- Between 1988 and June 1999, thirteen emergency supplemental or farm disaster acts provided a total of $17 billion in emergency funding for U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs. The vast majority of this amount has gone directly to farmers, primarily in the form of disaster payments ($12.2 billion) to any farmer suffering a significant crop loss caused by a natural disaster, and "market loss" payments ($3.1 billion) to help grain, cotton, and dairy farmers recover from low farm commodity prices. The remaining $1.7 billion has gone to a wide array of other USDA programs, including those for other forms of farm disaster assistance, farm loans, and overseas food aid. Congress is expected to consider a multi-billion financial assistance package for farmers sometime this year. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs840/
- Managing Farm Risk in a New Policy Era
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs831/
- Specialty Crop Issues in the 109th Congress
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7594/
- Organic Agriculture in the United States: Program and Policy Issues
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7880/
- Fruits and Vegetables: Issues for Congress
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs4687/
- The U.S. Farm Economy
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7328/
- Dairy Policy Issues
- Several major dairy policy issues are addressed in the context of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (P.L. 107- 171, the 2002 farm bill), which was signed into law on May 13, 2002. Included in the enacted 2002 farm bill are a reauthorization of the dairy price support program for an additional 5 ½ years, and new authorization for direct payments to dairy farmers through September 2005, triggered whenever the market price of farm milk falls below a target price level. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3719/
- Agriculture Conservation Programs: A Scorecard
- The Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Farm Service Agency in the U.S. Department of Agriculture currently administer 20 programs and subprograms that are directly or indirectly available to assist producers and landowners who wish to practice conservation on agricultural lands. The number, scope, and overall funding of these programs have all grown with each recent farm bill. This growth can cause confusion over which problems and conditions each program addresses, and specific program characteristics and performance, especially for those who are less familiar with this conservation effort. This report lists these programs and basic information about each of them. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7686/
- Agricultural Credit: Institutions and Issues
- The federal government has a long history of providing credit assistance to farmers by issuing direct loans and guarantees, and creating rural lending institutions. These institutions include the Farm Credit System (FCS), which is a network of borrower-owned lending institutions operating as a government-sponsored enterprise, and the Farm Service Agency (FSA) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), which makes or guarantees loans to farmers who cannot qualify at other lenders. When loans cannot be repaid, special bankruptcy provisions help family farmers reorganize debts and continue farming (P.L. 109-8 made Chapter 12 permanent and expanded eligibility). S. 238 and H.R. 399 (the Rural Economic Investment Act) would exempt commercial banks from paying taxes on profits from farm real estate loans, thus providing similar benefits as to the Farm Credit System. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9098/
- Agriculture: A List of Websites
- This list provides a sampling of the rapidly proliferating number of agricultural resources available on the Internet. It is not intended to be exhaustive. It is divided into 27 categories. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1060/
- Agriculture: A List of Websites
- This list provides a sampling of the rapidly proliferating number of agricultural resources available on the Internet. It is not intended to be exhaustive. It is divided into 24 main categories and 15 subcategories. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1377/
- Agriculture: A List of Websites
- This list provides a sampling of the rapidly proliferating number of agricultural resources available on the Internet. It is not intended to be exhaustive. It is divided into 24 main categories and 16 subcategories. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2115/
- Agriculture as a Source of Barge Demand on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers: Background and Issues
- This report provides background on the linkage between U.S. agriculture and the UMR-IWW navigation system. In addition, it explores several of the key issues and uncertainties behind evolving trade patterns and projections for future agricultural freight traffic on the UMR-IWW navigation system. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9084/
- Farm Disaster Assistance: USDA Programs and Recent Legislative Action
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs639/