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Congressional Research Service Reports
- Biotechnology: Commercialization of Academic Research
- This report provides an overview of the commercialization of academic research h in the field of biotechnology. It offers a brief definition, background and policy analysis, as well as legislation and hearings regarding the topic. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8589/
- Information Services for Agriculture: The Role of Technology
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8510/
- The Payment-in-Kind (PIK) Program
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8835/
- Agriculture: Payment in Kind (PIK) Program
- On January 11, 1983, President Reagan announced that the U.S. Department of Agriculture would implement a payment-in-kind (PIK) program to help reduce Government grain surpluses and to improve farm income. The materials included in this report were compiled by Congressional Research Staff for Member of Congress desirous of more information on the subject. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9038/
- Ethylene Dibromide: Regulatory Background
- Much attention has recently been focused on the chemical ethylene dibromide (EDB). This chemical has been widely used in leaded gasoline, and has also been used to treat grains, citrus and other crops. It has been found in foods and in groundwater. This paper examines the possible health effects of exposure to EDB, as well as its regulation. The possible health effects and regulation of various chemical and physical alternatives to EDB are also examined. This paper concludes with some policy considerations pertinent to EDB. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8089/
- Ethylene Dibromide
- Much attention has recently been focused on the chemical ethylene dibromide (EDB). This chemical has been widely used in leaded gasoline, and has also been used to treat grains, citrus and other crops. It has been found in foods and in groundwater. This paper examines the possible health effects of exposure to EDB, as well as its regulation. The possible health effects and regulation of various chemical and physical alternatives to EDB are also examined. This paper concludes with some policy considerations pertinent to EDB. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8168/
- EDB and the Agriculture Community: A Background Discussion
- EDB is being removed from major agricultural uses because of concerns about possible adverse effects on human health. Regulatory actions to remove EDB from the food system will have impacts on the agricultural community. Uses of EDB in agriculture, regulatory actions to remove EDB from the food system quickly, and possible impacts of those regulatory actions on domestic and international markets are discussed. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8514/
- Ethylene Dibromide: History, Health Effects, and Policy Questions
- Much attention has recently been focused on the chemical ethylene dibromide (EDB). This chemical has been widely used in leaded gasoline, and has also been used to treat grains, citrus and other crops. It has been found in foods and in groundwater. This paper examines the possible health effects of exposure to EDB, as well as its regulation. The possible health effects and regulation of various chemical and physical alternatives to EDB are also examined. This paper concludes with some policy considerations pertinent to EDB. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8090/
- Predator Control and Compound 1080
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9180/
- Pesticides Regulation: Current Issues
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9179/
- Why U.S. Agricultural Exports Have Declined in the 1980s
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8863/
- Ethylene Dibromide (EDB)
- Much attention has recently been focused on the chemical ethylene dibromide (EDB). This chemical has been widely used in leaded gasoline, and has also been used to treat grains, citrus and other crops. It has been found in foods and in groundwater. This paper examines the possible health effects of exposure to EDB, as well as its regulation. The possible health effects and regulation of various chemical and physical alternatives to EDB are also examined. This paper concludes with some policy considerations pertinent to EDB. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8714/
- African Famine: U.S. Response
- This report discusses the 1985 African famine situation, especially regarding U.S. emergency assistance at a time of U.S. domestic budgetary restraints, the adequacy of U.S. measures for monitoring and anticipating food emergencies, and the scale and nature of U.S. agricultural development programs intended to prevent future famines. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9050/
- Tobacco Programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Their Operation and Cost
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8516/
- The Economics of Agricultural Policy
- An English Act of 1663 imposed a duty on grain imported from abroad whenever the domestic price was below a legislatively set price floor. The English farmer enjoyed a virtual monopoly in the domestic market. By the same token, he was allowed to export grain whenever the domestic price exceeded the price floor, and, after 1673, was granted a bounty (subsidy) on grain exports. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs21/
- China's Most-Favored-Nation Status: U.S. Wheat Exports
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs79/
- Aquaculture and the Federal Role
- Aquaculture is broadly defined as the production of fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants in a controlled environment. This report discusses the growth of U.S. aquaculture in the decade preceding 1993, and the subsequent debate about what role, if any, the Federal Government should play in supporting the industry. Relevant legislation and policies are also discussed. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs43/
- China's Most-Favored-Nation Status: U.S. Wheat Exports
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs160/
- An Introduction to Farm Commodity Programs
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs91/
- Legal Issues Related to Livestock Watering in Federal Grazing Districts
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs93/
- Conservation Reserve Program: Policy Issues for the 1995 Farm Bill
- The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), enacted in 1985, enables producers to bid to retire highly erodible or environmentally sensitive crop land for 10 years (or longer under certain circumstances). Successful bidders receive annual rental payments, and cost-sharing and technical assistance to install approved plantings. The program was to enroll between 40 and 45 million acres before 1996. Program goals are to reduce erosion and excess production, and more recently, to provide other environmental benefits. To date, about 36.5 million acres have been enrolled. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs92/
- Wetlands and Agriculture: Policy Issues in the 1995 Farm Bill
- Wetlands protection efforts have been a major concern for agricultural interests since Congress enacted so-called swampbuster provisions in the 1985 Food Security Act. Under these provisions, all producers who alter wetlands risk losing certain farm program benefits. Determining which sites are wetlands and enforcement of penalties remain contentious issues. Controversy has been heightened by confusion over how this program is related to the principal Federal regulatory program to protect wetlands, section 404 of the Clean Water Act, and how wetland determinations affect land values and private property rights. Because the 103rd Congress did not reauthorize the Clean Water Act, some of the wetland issues raised in that debate might be raised in the farm bill. Another wetland protection program, the Wetland Reserve (WRP), was enacted in the 1990 farm bill. This program, which pays farmers to place wetlands under long-term or permanent easements, has been far less controversial. This paper reviews the swampbuster and WRP, as well as controversies surrounding delineation of wetlands and relationships between private property rights and wetland protection efforts. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs146/
- The Rural Abandoned Mine Program - A Fact Sheet
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs236/
- Sustainable Agriculture
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs173/
- Humane Treatment of Farm Animals: Overview and Selected Issues
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6964/
- The Farm Bill: Soil and Water Conservation Issues
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs174/
- Survey of Grazing Programs in Western States
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs283/
- The 1996 Farm Bill: Comparisons of Selected Provisions with Previous Law
- Final congressional approval was given to H.R. 2854, the Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act, otherwise known as the "1996 farm bill," on March 28, 1996. President Clinton signed the bill into law on April 4, 1996 (P.L. 104-127). In tabular format, this CRS report lays out in descriptive, rather than legislative language, the major provisions of the new farm bill in contrast to preceding law. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs278/
- Agricultural Marketing and Regulatory Provisions of the 1996 Farm Bill
- The Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-127), signed into law on April 4, for the first time grants the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) broad-based authority to establish national generic promotion ("check-off") programs for virtually any agricultural commodity. Formerly, individual programs first had to be authorized expressly by Congress. The new law also explicitly authorizes the establishment of new check-off programs for rapeseed and canola, kiwifruit, and popcorn. Other provisions require USDA to establish a new meat and poultry inspection advisory committee; deal with the collection of user fees for the inspection of agricultural imports; and authorize new guidelines to protect horses being transported to slaughter facilities, among other things. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs280/
- Federal Farm Promotion ("Check-off") Programs
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs277/
- Wheat, Feed Grains, Cotton, Rice, and Oilseeds Provisions of the Enacted 1996 Farm Bill
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs279/
- Grazing Fees: An Overview
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs281/
- China's Most-Favored-Nation Status: U.S. Wheat, Corn, and Soybean Exports
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6361/
- Pesticide Legislation: Food Quality Protection Act of 1996
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs282/
- FY1997 USDA Budget: Food and Nutrition Programs
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs324/
- The U.S. Department of Agriculture: Appropriations for FY1997
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs327/
- Cattle Prices: Questions and Answers
- After 7 years of relatively high returns, cattle producers by 1994 were experiencing steeply falling prices--mainly caused by abundant supplies of cattle destined for U.S. feedlots. Record-high grain prices and dry pastures amplified the problem. Because of the lengthy biological cycle governing cattle production, large numbers will be coming onto the market for some time, as producers undertake the slow process of curtailing herd expansion. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs290/
- The 1995 Farm Bill: Research, Education, and Extension Issues
- The House Agriculture Committee has proposed extending Title XVI of the 1990 farm act (P.L. 101-624) for two years. Currently, the title will expire at the end of 1995. The title includes funding authority for the U.s. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) in-house research programs, as well as federal support for cooperative research, higher education, extension programs in the States, and several research grant programs. This report discusses efforts underway to extend this title and reform future legislation. It also outlines federal spending in these areas. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs285/
- Pesticide Policy Issues
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs284/
- Food and Agriculture: Prospective Issues in the 105th Congress
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs448/
- Conservation Reserve Program: Status and Policy Issues
- The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), enacted in 1985, enables producers to bid to retire highly erodible or environmentally sensitive cropland, usually for 10 years. Participants receive annual rental and cost-sharing payments, and technical assistance to install approved plantings. Up to 36.4 million acres have been enrolled; current enrollment is estimated to be 32.9 million acres. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs374/
- Agricultural Research, Education, Extension and Economics Programs: A Primer
- The 105th Congress is undertaking a thorough review of federal laws and policies affecting the nationwide system of federal and state agricultural research laboratories and agencies, the land grant Colleges of Agriculture and related schools of forestry and veterinary medicine, and the continuing education programs of the Cooperative Extension System. In preparation for hearings and subsequent debate on these subjects, this report provides an overview of all the components of the system, its major programs, and its funding. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs375/
- Conservation Reserve Program - Preliminary Results from the 15th Signup
- This report includes a table listing, by state, the: Number of bids, or offers, received; Total acres offered for enrollment; Acres offered that are currently enrolled in the CRP; Acres offered are not currently enrolled in the CRP; Acres on which contracts expire on September 30, 1997; Percentage of acres currently in the program that were offered for reenrollment; and Percentage of acres offered that are not currently enrolled in the CRP. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs376/
- Tobacco Advertising: Whether the FDA's Restrictions Violate Freedom of Speech
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs402/
- Food and Agriculture Provisions in the FY1997 Supplemental Appropriations Act
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs442/
- Attorneys' Fees in the State Tobacco Litigation Cases
- In the past few years, many states have filed complaints against the tobacco industry in state court to recover Medicaid costs paid by the states to treat their citizens for tobacco related illnesses. The states are also attempting to recover other damages, such as punitive damages, against the tobacco industry. For various reasons, the states have hired private attorneys to assist the state Attorneys General in prosecuting these cases. In most cases, the retention of private counsel has included a fee agreement specifying the amount of compensation that these attorneys will receive for their services. These agreements are not uniform among the states, but most tend to provide some form of contingency fee arrangement. Some of these states have developed a sliding scale contingency fee schedule which varies with the amount of time spent on the litigation and whether a trial has begun. This report briefly summarizes the different fee agreements that the states have with private counsel. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs377/
- Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws
- This report includes a glossary of approximately 1,700 agriculture and related terms (e.g., food programs, conservation, forestry, environmental protection, etc.). Besides defining terms and phrases with specialized meanings for agriculture, the glossary also identifies acronyms, agencies, programs, and laws related to agriculture. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs379/
- Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: Methyl Bromide Control Measures
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs378/
- Agricultural Exports: Technical Barriers to Trade
- Technical barriers to trade (TBTs) are widely divergent measures that countries use to regulate rnarkets, protect their consumers, and preserve natural resources, but which can also discriminate against imports in favor of domestic products. Most TBTs in agriculture are sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures designed to protect humans, animals, and plants from contaminants, diseases, and pests. In the wake of new trade agreements aimed at reducing tariffs, import quotas, and other trade barriers, TBTs have become more prominent concerns for agricultural exporters and policymakers. digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs380/
- FY1998 USDA Budget and Appropriations: Domestic Food Programs
- No Description digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs443/