Congressional Research Service Reports - 455 Matching Results
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- Housing Assistant To Low-and Moderate-Income Households
- This report discusses the housing assistance for low and moderate income households
- How and Where to Find a Job Overseas Sources of Information
- This report lists books, pamphlets, and organizations that provide information on numerous aspects of employment abroad such as resume writing, living conditions overseas, and etc.
- How Medicare Pays Doctors
- This report details the criteria that are employed in making reasonable charge determinations.
- How the Food Stamp Program Works
- This report briefly describes the present operation of the Food Stamp program, reflecting legislative revisions through 1982.
- Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy
- Following a review of such broad policy issues, this report treats specific human rights issues of current interest. Discussions of controversy over the selection of an Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs and of human rights policy at the international financial institutions are followed by reviews of U.S. human rights policy toward Argentina, El Salvador, Nicaragua, South Africa, and the Soviet Union.
- Human Rights in U.S. Foreign Relations: Six Key Questions in the Continuing Policy Debate
- This report provides background information and a general overview of the role of human rights in U.S. foreign policy. It includes a discussion of some traditional arguments about how international human rights concerns might be integrated with other foreign policy factors. It also includes a discussion of the definition of human rights, of U.S. international obligations to promote human rights, and the apparatus and procedures available to the U.S. Government for implementing human rights policy. Particular attention is paid to congressional actions, not only in debating and holding hearings on human rights issues, but especially in enacting laws to assure that U.S. foreign policy formulation and practice include consideration of the status of human rights in other countries.
- The Immigration and Nationality Act: Questions and Answers
- The basic United States law governing immigration and naturalization is contained in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, as amended (8 U.S.C. 1101 -- et seq.). This report provides questions and answers to explain the way in which the Immigration and Nationality Act as amended through 1981 regulates the entry of aliens for permanent and temporary residence in the United States, and other major provisions of the law. Emphasis is placed on subjects which have been of particular interest to the Congress in recent years. This supersedes CRS Report No. 81-65 EPW.
- Immigration Issues and Legislation in the 98th Congress
- This report discusses Immigration reform, which continues to be of concern in the '96th Congress, and legislation has been moving quickly. Specific issues include illegal immigration, temporary workers, legalization, asylum adjudications, and legal immigration. The legislation under consideration is the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1983, popularly referred to as the Simpson-Mazzoli bill, introduced in the House and Senate on Feb, 17, 1983 as H.R. 1510 and S. 529.
- Imported Automobiles in the United States: Their Rising Market Share and the Macroeconomic Impact of a Proposed Import Restriction
- After two generations of almost unchallenged supremacy, the U.S. auto industry has recently faced plummeting sales, rising competition from imports, and mounting requirements for capital investment and structural change. This has resulted in massive spilling of red ink in the industry's profit and loss columns, further financial pressures on the ailing Chrysler Corporation, layoffs of nearly 250,000 workers (as of August 4, 1980 in the automotive industry alone according to the United Auto Workers Union) and soaring claims for unemployment compensation and trade adjustment assistance. This study focuses on import competition in the auto industry and the economic impact of proposals to limit such competition through either import quotas or agreements with foreign governments (Japan) to restrict automotive exports to the United States.
- Increased U.S. Military Sales to China: Arguments and Alternatives
- The report examines the current debate in the United States over proposals for increased U.S. military sales to China. The study first examines the background of U.S.-China security ties since the Nixon Administration, and then sets forth the parameters of the current debate by noting a number of issues concerning U.S. military transfers to China on which all sides generally agree. It shows that Americans familiar with the issue tend to identify with different groups of opinion or "schools of thought" on the question of U.S. military transfers to China, and provides a detailed pro-con analysis of the issue. It concludes by noting cross pressures that are likely to greet U.S. policy makers as they grapple with this issue in the months ahead and offers an assessment of four policy options of possible use by U.S. policymakers.
- Independent Truckers: The Effects of Recent Legislation on Earnings (Effects of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 and the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1983, as they affect highway-related taxes, two trailers, length and width of vehicles, and weights and loads)
- Congress passed legislation late in 1982 that is expected to have a significant effect on the annual net earnings of independent truckers. About 90 percent of fresh produce, most used household goods, and from one-third to one-half of all fabricated steel and other commodities transported by truck are hauled by independent truckers. The legislation raised the Federal fuel tax by 5 cents per gallon and significantly raised a highway use tax that is based on the weight of the vehicle. The legislation also allowed truckers to use two trailers, longer and wider vehicles, and carry heavier loads. This CRS report discusses these 1982 changes in Federal legislation. It also contains an estimate of the upper and lower bound of the impact that these changes could have on the annual net earnings of independent truckers.
- Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs)
- Recent changes in the Nation's tax laws have made Individual Retirement Accounts available to many people previously excluded. This report provides general information on IRAs including material explaining these recent changes and their consequences.
- Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAS): Proposals to Expand Tax Incentives for Retirement Savings
- This report contains information about workers covered by employer-sponsored retirement plans.
- Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs): Tax Incentives for Retirement Savings
- This report discusses Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRA) and their tax incentives. Many workers covered by employer-sponsored retirement plans do not work long enough with one employer to be entitled to a pension. Others may be covered by a profit-sharing plan to which the employer may have little or no profits to contribute. Since these individuals were "covered" by a retirement plan, they were ineligible to make tax-deductible contributions to a tax-sheltered Individual Retirement Arrangement (IRA). Many observers considered this a tax inequity and felt that all employees should be eligible to establish their own IRAs or make tax-deductible contributions to their employer's plan. Congress responded to this situation by approving retirement savings incentives for all workers as part of the tax cut bill (H.R. 4242). All workers, whether or not covered by an employer pension plan, are now permitted tax deductible contributions to IRAs up to $2,000 a year.
- Infant Formula: National Problems
- This report discusses congressional concerns regarding infant formula that was deficient in a required nutrient.
- Information Services for Agriculture: The Role of Technology
- Significant improvements in technology-supported information services have created opportunities for their utilization by the farmers and ranchers of our Nation. This report highlights the development and expanded offering of these systems, describes current operational and experimental systems, and presents salient legislative initiatives which address this priority area.
- The Insanity Defense: An Overview and Legislative Proposals
- This report will discuss the insanity defense as used in the federal courts. It will briefly trace the history of the evolution of that defense from its earliest formulation to the version used in the John Hinckley case, and will provide, in summary form, descriptive analysis of various pieces of Legislation to change federal law with regard to the substantive definition of the defense, the allocation of the burden of persuasion when the defense is invoked, and procedures following the successful use of the defense.
- Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798-1989
- This report lists all the instances the United States used its armed forces abroad from 1798-1989. This report is a revised edition of a report published in 1975 to bring the information up to 1989.
- Interest Rates Causes and Effects
- This report describes about market and policy forces that describe the general level of interest rates and some rules that generally applicable to any economic environment.
- Iran-Contra Affair: Biographical Profiles
- This report provides biographical information on individuals who have been associated in public reports with the controversy surrounding the secret U.S. arms sales to Iran and the channeling of profits to the rebels or Contras in Nicaragua. The information has been compiled from public sources.
- The Iran-Iraq War: Implications for U.S. Policy
- This report discusses the Iran-Iraq conflict at its present state, which has become a war of attrition with neither side capable of achieving a decisive military victory over the other in the short term. U.S. policy concerns currently are threefold: first, that Iraq, despite moves to sustain its economic and military capacities, ultimately might suffer a destabilizing defeat to the detriment of U.S. interests in the Persian Gulf region; second, that future instability in Iran could open opportunities for Soviet exploitation; and third, that the conflict might expand beyond its present confines to threaten friendly regional states and the availability of their vast petroleum resources.
- Japan: Prospects for Greater Market Openness
- Japan has made considerable progress in opening its economy to imports, but significant obstacles remain. This report analyzes the underlying causes of Japan's market protection and assesses the prospects for Japan moving in the direction of greater market openness.
- Japan-U.S. Trade
- This report provides background and current analysis of the Japan--U.S. trade situation, discusses the political and economic tensions which this imbalance has created, and outlines the problems involved in several current negotiations, such as the question of trade barriers to U.S. agricultural exports.
- Japan-U.S. Trade Relations
- This report discusses trade relations between the U.S. and Japan. Commercial aspects of the United States-Japan alliance, in recent years, have begun to dominate the dialogue between the two nations. In particular, friction points have developed over chronic U.S. bilateral trade deficits with Japan, allegations of Japanese protectionism, and rapid incursions into U.S. markets by Japanese export products.
- Japanese-American Internment in World War II The Issue of Redress
- This report gives information on the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II, including a chronology of events leading up to internment, the Commission on the affects of the internment, and articles on atonement.
- The Japanese Health Care System
- This report provides (1) a description of the coverage, benefits, financing and administration of the Japanese health insurance plans; (2) a discussion of the way in which reimbursement levels for health care providers are determined; and (3) an analysis of the way in which the provision of health care system is organized in Japan.
- Japan's International Trade Patterns, Institutions, and Policies
- This report presents an overview of Japan's performance in its trading relations. The report begins with a discussion of the development, size, and importance of Japan's international trading sector. It then examines the composition, institutions, and policies for trade. This is followed by a review of Japan's balance of payments, capital flows, value of the yen, and direction of trade.
- Job Training Programs: Reauthorization and Funding Issues
- This paper is divided into the following sections: (1) History of Federal Employment and Training Programs; (2) Reauthorization Issues; (3) Administration Legislative and Budget Proposals; and (4) Congressional Action.
- Kissinger Commission Implementation: Actions by the Congress Through 1986 on the Recommendations of the National Bipartisan Commission of Central America
- "This report summarizes the implementation by the Congress of the policy recommendations made in January 1984 by the National Bipartisan Commission on Central America, the so-called 'Kissinger Commission'" (p. iii).
- The Labor Market of the 1980s: Unemployment Omens in a Growing Economy
- This report provides discussion over the nature of job growth, the labor market of the 1980s, and the skill and pay ladder.
- The Labor Market of the 1980s: Unemployment Omens in a Growing Economy
- This report provides discussion over the nature of job growth, the labor market of the 1980s, and the skill and pay ladder.
- Land Disposal Policies of the Principal Federal Land Management Agencies
- This report reviews the history of public land disposal and the location and uses of present Federal Public Lands. Land disposal policies and practices of agencies of the Department of Agriculture, Defense and the Interior, and of the General Services Administration are discussed.
- Land Disposal Policies of the Principal Federal Land Management Agencies
- The days in which the Federal Government provided cheap land for the taking are gone. Nevertheless, interest in obtaining Federal lands remains high, and it is still possible to obtain parcels of public lands under certain circumstances. The land disposal practices of the principal Federal land management agencies are summarized in this report.
- Large and Continuing Deficits: Their Influence on Macroeconomic Performance
- No Description Available.
- Leasing of Energy and Mineral Resources on Federal Lands
- This report discusses the leasing of energy and mineral resources on federal lands. Leasing of energy minerals has been an issue of varying intensity for most of the past century, as oil, gas, and coal became indispensable commodities in both U.S. and world commerce.
- Legal Analysis of President Reagan's Proposed Constitutional Amendment on School Prayer
- Congressional Research Service (CRS) report for Congress entailing a legal analysis of President Reagan's proposed constitutional amendment on school prayers. Topics include, interpretation of the first amendment, prayer activities in schools, supreme court decisions etc..
- Legal Implications of the Contagious Disease or Infections Amendment to the Civil Rights Restoration Act, S.557
- This report discusses the civil rights restoration act, S. 557, as it passed the House and Senate. This provision would most likely be interpreted as codifying the existing standards relating to section 504 interpretation concerning discrimination against individuals with handicaps.
- Legal Implications of the Contagious Disease or Infections Amendment to The Civil Rights Restoration Act, S. 557
- This report discusses how the wording of S. 557 (The Contagious Disease or Infections Amendment) can be interpreted in practice, as well as the relationship between S. 557 and section 504, 29 U.S.C. 794, which deals with disibility discrimination in the workplace.
- Legal Right of Minors to Obtain Contraceptives
- "This report provides information on federal and state statutory and case law on [minors having a constitutionally protected right of privacy, including the right to receive contraceptives]" (p. 1).
- Legislative Changes in the Food Stamp Program
- This report is about the Food stamp amendments of 1980.
- The Legislative Scene: Selected News Letters, Journals and Other Periodical Publications Covering Congressional Activities
- This report is on The Legislative Scene: Selected News Letters, Journals, and Other Periodical Publications Covering Congressional Activities.
- The Liability Insurance Controversy
- This report discusses liability insurance, as the primary method of managing business related risks that has been recognized as one of the foundations of American comnerce.
- The Liability Insurance Controversy
- This report discusses liability insurance, as the primary method of managing business related risks that has been recognized as one of the foundations of American commerce.
- The Liability Insurance Crisis
- This report discusses liability insurance crisis, including complaints from businesses, professionals , and municipalities as well threat of lawsuits.
- The Liability Insurance Crisis
- This report discusses liability insurance crisis, including complaints from businesses, professionals , and municipalities as well threat of lawsuits.
- Lobby Act Reform
- This report discusses the methods to achieve effective accountability form lobbyists groups and individuals who seek to influence the governmental decision-making process.
- Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Power Generation: More Energy from Less Fuel
- This report discusses magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation, which is a method for converting heat directly into electrical energy without the use of a rotating electrical power generator.
- Major Trends in U.S. Foreign Assistance to Central America: 1978-1986
- "This paper examines changes in the overall amount of U.S. aid [to Central America], in kinds of aid provided, in country shares, and changes in the content of individual aid programs" (p. iii).
- Mandated Employer Provided Health Insurance
- No Description Available.
- Manual on the Federal Budget Process
- The purpose of this manual is to assist users of Federal budget information in understanding how the process works and how data are to be interpreted.