Affordances of External Representations in Instructional Design: The Effect of Narrative and Imagery in Learning. Page: 31
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utility. However, scientific investigation of image use has always been challenging, and
so far, limited studies conducted drew inconclusive results on the incubation effect of
imagery on creativity (Perkins, 1981, 1994).
Individual difference and context are considered critical in the evaluation of
creativity from the very beginning (e.g., Csikszentmihalyi, 1999; Jung, 1923; Maslow,
1968; Myers & Myers, 1980; Sternberg & Lubart, 1991, 1993). Studies of creativity and
imagery found that certain characteristics of the individual influence the use of mental
imagery and, therefore, creativity (see Forisha, 1983). The adoption of imagery in task,
which is especially sensitive to context, directly connects to the emotions and the
psychological needs of the individual. In addition, test environment is critical to the
evaluation of creativity. Wallach and Kogan (1965) suggest that creative responses would
be most likely to occur in game-like situations rather than test-like situations. This also
implies that creativity evaluation is a compounded issue of cognition and context.
Objective tests evaluating the vividness of imagery and individual differences in
creative thinking are limited, instead, self-report of imagery use has been widely
suggested and adopted. In general, objective tests on imagery vividness only specify the
types of imagery rather than their functions (White, Sheehan, & Ashton, 1977). Two
known objective tests are the Betts Questionnaire upon Mental Imagery (1909) and the
Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (1974). Verbal self-reports of imagery, which proves
to be highly reliable predictors for image use, have been widely used in imagery studies
(Marks, 1983; White, et al., 1977).31
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Wu, Yan. Affordances of External Representations in Instructional Design: The Effect of Narrative and Imagery in Learning., dissertation, December 2008; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9718/m1/44/: accessed April 25, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .