Charge Interaction Effects in Epoxy with Cation Exchanged Montmorillonite Clay and Carbon Nanotubes. Page: 19
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therefore affects both particle dispersion stability as well as intercalation with
organic fluids [27].
Ion exchange by counter-ions in the gallery is stericly limited by the length
of the exchange cation that can fit into the gallery regions, however the chain
length must still be long enough to permit later extension between the silicates in
order to reduce their attractive interaction. In addition, the Van der Waals effects
between these counter-ions allow for cooperative chain extension. This
cooperative extension then favors the transition to an increased space between
the layers. Electrostatic repulsion between MLS platelets at full counter-ion
extension can provide sufficient a space-charge separation [24, 28] to stabilize
the expanded regions between layers.
The distribution of the charges on the particles partly determines the
amount of surfactant molecules that may be exchanged onto the particle. Just as
with natural clays, too high a CEC may attract adjacent platelets too strongly to
permit easy introduction of intercalants. This is because too many exchanged
ions may not allow room for other molecules to pass alongside them to help
separate the silicate layers in the presence of organic fluids or polymers [29]. If
the attraction of the ion-exchanged molecules causes them to lie flat on the MLS
surface, too much energy may be required for them to reconfigure into a
columnar or pillar-like orientation. Pillar-like orientations of the exchanged
molecules increase the distance between adjacent platelets to allow the entry of
guest molecules.19
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Butzloff, Peter Robert. Charge Interaction Effects in Epoxy with Cation Exchanged Montmorillonite Clay and Carbon Nanotubes., dissertation, May 2005; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4786/m1/32/: accessed April 24, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .