Anxiety, Depression, and Sleep Disorders: Their Relationship and Reduction with Neurotherapy Page: 22
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"Level 2: Possibly Efficacious" based on currently available case studies (Yucha & Montgomery,
2008). Neurofeedback for depression case studies have been reviewed by Hammond (2005a,
2005b) and Walker (2007) with generally positive outcomes reported by Baehr, Rosenfeld, &
Baehr (1997), Baehr, Rosenfeld, & Baehr (2001), Baehr, Miller, Rosenfeld, & Baehr, (2004), and
Baehr, Rosenfeld, Baehr, & Earnest (1999). Nonetheless, the lack of controlled outcome studies
for depression was particularly surprising given the extensive amount of EEG basic research on
the alpha-asymmetry (i.e., differential activation of the frontal lobes) characteristics of
depression (Davidson, 1992; Davidson, 1995, Davidson, 1998a, Davidson, 1998b; Hammond,
2005a).
Researchers have published a number of controlled outcome studies for neurofeedback
for anxiety-related disorders. In addition, several uncontrolled clinical case studies of
neurofeedback/anxiety have been reported in the literature with generally positive outcomes
(Hammond, 2005a; Hammond, 2005b; Kerson, Sherman, and Kozlowski, 2009; Moore, 2000;
Moore, 2005; Walker, 2009). Neurofeedback for anxiety received an efficacy rating of "Level 4:
Efficacious" (Yucha & Montgomery, 2008) by AAPB. A summary of controlled outcome studies
for neurofeedback for anxiety and related co-morbid psychopathology is provided below.
Agnihotri, Paul, and Singh Sandhu (2007) randomly assigned 21 males and 24 females
(age range: 18 - 30 years) with generalized anxiety disorder to 1 of 3 groups (15 participants per
group): electromyography (EMG) frontalis biofeedback, EEG-biofeedback, or no treatment
control. Participants in both biofeedback groups trained for 35 minutes per day for 12 days. The
researchers carefully screened participants for generalized anxiety disorder via strict guidelines
set by the DSM-IV-TR. Participants were excluded if they previously practiced relaxation
techniques or took anxiolytic medication. The State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and galvanic22
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Fisher, Christopher, Alan. Anxiety, Depression, and Sleep Disorders: Their Relationship and Reduction with Neurotherapy, dissertation, August 2010; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc31533/m1/30/: accessed April 23, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .