Ethnically Mixed Individuals: Cultural Homelessness or Multicultural Integration? Page: 25
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reframing the situation with adaptive responses and effective problem-solving strategies
(Winkelman, 1994).
Four stages have been typically differentiated in cultural shock and its resolution
(Ferraro, 1990; Kohls, 1984; Oberg, 1954; Preston, 1985); Adler (1975) and Rhinesmith
(1985) describe five and eight stages respectively. The four primary phases involve (1)
the honeymoon or tourist phase; (2) the crisis or cultural shock phase; (3) the adjustment,
reorientation, and gradual recovery phase; and (4) the adaptation, resolution, and
acculturation phase. These phases are considered to be both sequential and cyclical.
Individuals may shift from crisis to adjustment and adaptation as they encounter new
situations which require additional adjustment. When the adaptation phase is a
permanent stage, then the individual is considered to be bicultural (Winkelman, 1994).
The honeymoon or tourist phase is characterized by interest, euphoria,
excitement, sleeplessness, positive expectations, and idealization about the new culture;
differences are exciting and interesting. Anxiety and stress are interpreted positively,
especially when the individual does not have to deal directly with the stressful part of the
local culture (Winkelman, 1994).
The crisis phase may emerge immediately upon arrival or may occur after the
honeymoon phase ends; starting with a severe crisis or a series of escalating problems,
negative experiences, and reactions. Although there are great individual differences,
cultural shock has some typical features: minor issues become big problems, cultural
differences become irritating, and disappointments, frustrations, and tension increases.
According to Winkelman (1994) "life does not make sense and one may feel helpless,
confused, disliked by others, or treated like a child. A sense of lack of control of one's25
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Navarrete-Vivero, Veronica. Ethnically Mixed Individuals: Cultural Homelessness or Multicultural Integration?, thesis, May 1999; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2179/m1/32/: accessed April 25, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .