Ethnically Mixed Individuals: Cultural Homelessness or Multicultural Integration? Page: 19
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can be extended to describe the feelings of most cultural minorities in the United States
who have experienced rejection, exploitation, and/or discrimination. This concept
becomes relevant when studied within the social structure context and linked to the
importance of developing an ethnic identity for minority individuals.
Marginality. The second concept of living within or dealing with two cultures is
that of marginality (Gibbs, 1987; Stonequist, 1937), which refers to the identity
development of racially mixed people. Stonequist states that marginal (biracial)
individuals are described as "partially belonging to two worlds, but not wholly belonging
to either". Models addressing marginality (Stonequist, 1937) are considered to be deficit
models, since they assume a problematic and maladjusted ethnic identity development.
Acculturation. Initially, this term was only used to describe changes in the
cultural patterns of individuals who emigrated from their native country such as
immigrants, sojourners, refugees, etc. Originally, acculturation was defined as the
changes observed in native cultural behaviors, resulting from exposure to a different
culture. These changes could be observed in minority individuals who are exposed to a
new culture, as well as individuals from the dominant society who are repeatedly exposed
to a minority group's culture (Redfield, Linton, and Herskovits, 1936). However, this
definition excluded native ethnic minority groups (since they are not immigrants) who do
not share the same cultural values as those of the dominant society (Landrine & Klonoff,
1994). Later research has redefined acculturation as a dynamic process in which
individuals either acquire the customs and traditions of another society or retain their
native customs when continuously exposed to an alternate culture (Cui 1989; Graves,
1967; Mendoza, 1984). This includes the extent to and process through which an ethnic19
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Navarrete-Vivero, Veronica. Ethnically Mixed Individuals: Cultural Homelessness or Multicultural Integration?, thesis, May 1999; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2179/m1/26/: accessed April 23, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .