Cardinal Giovanni Battista De Luca: Nepotism in the Seventeenth-century Catholic Church and De Luca's Efforts to Prohibit the Practice Page: 83
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movement and labeled as "erroneous and detestable" one of the central ideas of
the conciliarists, the right of appeal from pope to a general council. Papal
biographer J.N.D. Kelly suggests that Pius II issued this bull because he could
not raise an army to fight the Turks. Pius II he was "convinced that the decline of
papal influence was due to the inflated prestige of councils, so he published this
Bull (Execrabilis: 18 Jan. 1460) condemning, in defiance of his earlier views, all
appeal from the Pope to future council."33
A project for reform, the Consilium de emendanda ecclesia commissioned
by Paul III (1534-1549) in 1536, was redacted, in 1537, by a commission headed
by a reform Cardinal Gasparo Contarini. This document listed needed Church
reforms and became the basis of the administrative reforms of the twenty-fifth
session, the last of the Council of Trent. One such reform was to put an end to
accumulation of benefices and revenues on the part of a few influential Cardinals
and to eliminate the gap between the rich and the poor Cardinals.34 This issue
was not directly addressed at the Council of Trent but was an issue addressed by
de Luca when Innocent Xl was attempting to prohibit nepotism.
Was there a defining moment when conciliar theory ceased being a
problem to the papacy? There are varying opinions among historians. Two
divergent opinions are now presented.
33 J. N. D. Kelly, The Oxford Dictionary of Popes. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2005,
247-48.
34 Ibid., 261-62; Gigliola Fragnito. "Cardinal's Courts in Sixteenth-Century Rome." The
Journal of Modern History 65, no. 1 (1993), 33, 46.83
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Cowan, H. Lee. Cardinal Giovanni Battista De Luca: Nepotism in the Seventeenth-century Catholic Church and De Luca's Efforts to Prohibit the Practice, dissertation, August 2012; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149577/m1/90/: accessed April 19, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .