Cardinal Giovanni Battista De Luca: Nepotism in the Seventeenth-century Catholic Church and De Luca's Efforts to Prohibit the Practice Page: 34
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terms.55
O'Malley explained that modern historical methods, first effectively
codified by Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886), and originating in Protestant circles,
were all used in ways that led to conclusions that made them offensive to
Catholics sensibilities and Catholic authorities. Even the better historians writing
in the Catholic tradition were therefore often engaged in a game of catch-up and
refutation. Moreover, local, amateur, and apologetic authors, who were ignorant
of the canons of modern historical methods, did much Catholic scholarship for
55 R. Po-Chia Hsia, The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540-1770, 2 ed. (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2007). Hsia includes a chapter on "Counter-Reformation Saints."
Pierre Janelle, The Catholic Reformation (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1963).
This French scholar wrote an apologetic survey from about 1450 to 1650 that fans life into this
alternative name. Gustaf Aulen, Reformation and Catholicity, trans. Eric H. Wahlstrom (London:
Oliver and Boyd, 1962). Aulen wrote about the reform of the Church and examined what he called
Catholicity. A. G. Dickens, The Counter Reformation (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969).
Dickens indicated that both terms Counter-Reformation and Catholic Reformation were
appropriate. Delumeau, Catholicism between Luther and Voltaire: A New View of the Counter-
Reformation. Delumeau believes the Counter-Reformation to be part of a broader period used to
Christianize the masses. David M. Luebke, ed. The Counter-Reformation (Malden: Blackwell
Publishers Inc., 1999). This edited book contains several articles that have differing terminology
for the examined period. John Bossy, "The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic
Europe." Wolfgang Reinhard, "Reformation, Counter-reformation, and the Early Modern State: A
Reassessment". Peter Burke, "How to Become a Counter-Reformation Saint." Alison Weber,
Little Women: Counter-Reformation Misogyny." O'Malley, Trent and All That. Evennett, The Spirit
of the Counter-Reformation. Evernett saw this period ending in the mid-seventeenth century.
Dickens, The Counter Reformation. Dickens also saw the end of the counter-reformation in the
mid-seventeenth century. B. J. Kidd, The Counter-Reformation, 1550-1600 (Wesport:
Greenwood Press, 1980). Kidd had the shortest period ending around 1600. Marvin R. O'Connell,
The Counter-Reformation, 1559-1610 (New York: Harper, 1974). O'Connell believed that this
period ended in 1610. Delumeau, Catholicism between Luther and Voltaire: A New View of the
Counter-Reformation. Delumeau confine this period to the sixteenth and early seventeenth
centuries. Jean Daniel Charron, "Pierre Charron and the Council of Trent in the Bordelais," The
French Review 32, no. 4 (1959). Charron believed that the Protestant movement had brought to
light the abuses and the necessity for reforms in the Catholic Church. The Council of Trent, which
convened on May 22, 1542, and which was to last for twenty years, marks the beginning of the
counter-reform movement.34
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Cowan, H. Lee. Cardinal Giovanni Battista De Luca: Nepotism in the Seventeenth-century Catholic Church and De Luca's Efforts to Prohibit the Practice, dissertation, August 2012; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149577/m1/41/: accessed March 28, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .