Benthic Macroinvertebrates of Temperate, Sub-Antarctic Streams: The Effects of Altitudinal Zoning and Temperature on the Phenology of Aquatic Insects Associated to the Robalo River, Navarino Island (55°S), Chile Page: XII
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Fig. 20. Linear regression between altitude (m.a.s.1) and their annual degree- days (solid line)
along the altitudinal gradient of the R6balo river watershed. The dashed and dotted lines shows
the relationship if a 20C and 40C warming occurs. Fig. modified from (Sweeney et al. 1992) ....77
Fig. 21. Ecoregion of Sub-Antarctic Magellanic forests (dark gray). Navarino Island is located
north of Cape Horn and south of the Beagle Channel. The Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve and the
Omora Ethnobotanical Park are located within this ecoregion (Rozzi et al. 2008).......................96
Fig. 22. Altitudinal gradient and sampling sites through the R6balo river watershed. This
altitudinal gradient includes the characteristic habitat types of the Cape Horn region. From the
shoreline upwards these habitats are: evergreen forests dominated by Nothofagus betuloides;
mixed evergreen-deciduous forests dominated by N. betuloides and N. pumilio, deciduous forests
dominated by N. pumilio and N. antarctica; alpine tundra dominated at lower levels by cushion
plants, e.g., Bolax gummifera; and at upper levels by lichens such as Neuropogon sp. Fig.
modified from (Rozzi et al. 2010). Sampling sites are represented with roman numerals I - V
and range from 120 - 586 m .a.s.l..................................................................................................97
Fig. 23. Mesothoracic wing pad developmental stages for Meridialaris chiloeense: 1) absence of
wing pads and well-defined compound eyes; 2) absence of wing pads; 3) clear wing pads on the
first thoracic segment; 4) wing pads with veins, expanding from the first thoracic segment to the
mid portion of the second thoracic segment; 5) darkened wing pads, expanding to the mid
portion of the third thoracic segm ent............................................................................................98
Fig. 24. Total Cumulative Degree-Days (CDD) obtained for a period of 14 months from the
headwaters to the mouth (sites II-V) of the altitudinal gradient of the R6balo River watershed. .99
Fig. 25. Relative abundance of Meridialaris chiloeense nymph developmental classes from the
R6balo River watershed, at site V (120 m.a.s.1), from August of 2009 through August of 2010.
Bar thickness represents the relative proportion of individuals in each developmental class. Bold,
curved lines indicate proposed cohorts derived from cumulative degree-days data obtained from
th e field . .......................................................................................................................................10 0
Fig. 27. Plot of mean monthly water temperature (y, C) against mean monthly air temperature
(x, C) for the R6balo River at 120 m.a.s.1, from 2006-2009.....................................................102
Fig. 28. Historical Cumulative Degree Days (CDD) from 2006-2011. The Fig. shows estimated
historical hatching and emergence dates for Meridialaris chiloeense at site V (120 m.a.s.1) from
2006 to 2011. As noted in the Fig., CDD vary in approximately 160 CDD between 2006 and
2009, while there is a variation of 208 CDD with 2010. This variation has a direct effect on the
emergence dates of Meridialaris chiloeense: in years with a higher accumulation of degree-days
(2006, 2008, 2010), emergence begins in early January, while during years with a lower
accumulation of degree-days (2007, 2009), emergence begins in late January and early February. 103
Fig. 30. The Cape Horn Biosphere (CHBR) has an extension of 4.884.274 ha of marine and
terrestrial ecosystems (Rozzi et al. 2007). The map illustrates the core (green), buffer (pink), and
transition (yellow) zones of the CHBR. The Omora Ethnobotanical Park, is one of the three
founding sites of Chile's first Long Term Socio-Ecological Research network, and serves as an
interdisciplinary research center and nature reserve for the CHBR. It is located in Navarinoxii
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Contador Mejías, Tamara Andrea. Benthic Macroinvertebrates of Temperate, Sub-Antarctic Streams: The Effects of Altitudinal Zoning and Temperature on the Phenology of Aquatic Insects Associated to the Robalo River, Navarino Island (55°S), Chile, dissertation, December 2011; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103303/m1/13/: accessed March 29, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .